Question

what were the demands made by the Western colonial powers to Chinese emperor​

Answer 1

Answer:

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Answer 2

.In the "Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanjing", the British, after the Chinese have been defeated by a series of maritime conflicts, were able to make a large demand of the weaker Qing Govt of China. The delegates in the United States wanted to negotiate a similar Agreement with the Chinese to ensure much of the favorable provisions granted to the British also be granted to  the United States. In an bid to keep all westerners on the same line, the Chinese agreed readily

Explanation:

• The Opium War and other negotiations have been emblematic of a period when Western influence sought to obtain unlimited access through European and American commerce/trade to Chinese goods and markets. Western merchants, particularly US merchants, had long been searching for Chinese goods (particularly tea, furniture, & silk ), however had discovered that few items were of West  too were desired by China. Western  trade with China started in 1784, with Northern American exports such as furs, sandalwood & ginseng, however quickly American interest in Chinese products. "outstripped"  the Chinese demand for these American goods.
• Britain has now found a wide demand for illicit opium in southern China, with US trade supplementing its shipments to China quickly turning towards opium. Beyond the health problems of opium use, China first imported more commodities than it exported due to expanded opium trading with Western powers. This financial issue was fixed in the end, between 1839 &1842, with the  1st Opium War between the UK & China.
• The Treaty of Wangxia (with the US) replicated many of the key terms of the Treaty of Nanjing (with the British). Most importantly, it established five treaty ports as open for Chinese-Western trade (Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai). These treaty ports became key crossroads for Western and Chinese culture, as they were the first locations where foreigners and foreign trading operations could own land in China.
• The US treaty was rather longer than the British treaty as it included key aspects of the Nanjing Treaty and certain things that were more applicable to the United States. Others had served as translators  in the negotiation process, and Article 17 secured the interests of US missionaries in China. Article 18 allowed Americans living or working in China, previously banned by the Govt of China, to use tutors to help them learn Chinese. By contrast to Britain , the United States decided that those engaged by drug or contraband trade will be punished in compliance with Chinese law, however the Treaty provided other Americans for this exemption.
• This implied that any American who was convicted of committing a crime in China was not subject to the authority of the local government, but was prosecuted and punished by US authorities in China if required. Since of the "most-favoured-nation" clause of all the treaties of western power with the Chinese govt, they must essentially all take special account of one power.
• In the 1850s, all  the terms of their treaties with China, & the Qing govt  refusal to comply, became increasingly frustrated by the US and and the European powers. In the Second Opium War (1857–58), the British pressured the matter by invading Guangzhou & Tianjin, the Chinese harbor towns. In compliance with the most advantaged country provision, all external forces acting inside China must demand China's concessions that the UK has gained by coercion. In 1858, in swift succession, Germany, Russia & the United States concluded treaties with China at Tianjin.
• During the Opium Wars, the settlements signed between the West and China were known as "unfair deals," as they granted foreigners preferential rights in practice, gaining compromises from the Chinese. In order to hold foreigners to place, the Qing govt had surprisingly thoroughly endorsed in the original treatises the clauses on "extra-territoriality & most-favored nation status". This scheme of treaties also represented a new course for Chinese international relations

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why did Britain and China go to war over Opium? - Brainly.in

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