what were the demands of the Chinese revolutionary in the early 20th century
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Ever since their conquest of China in the 17th century, most of the Manchu had lived in comparative idleness, supposedly a standing army of occupation but in reality inefficient pensionaries. All through the 19th century the dynasty had been declining, and, upon the death of the empress dowager Cixi (1908), it lost its last able leader. In 1911 the emperor Puyi was a child, and the regency was incompetent to guide the nation. The unsuccessful contests with foreign powers had shaken not only the dynasty but the entire machinery of government.
The chain of events immediately leading to the revolution began when an agreement was signed (April 5, 1911) with a four-power group of foreign bankers for the construction of lines on the Hukwang (Huguang) Railway in central China. The Beijing government decided to take over from a local company a line in Sichuan, on which construction had been barely begun, and to apply part of the loan to its completion. The sum offered did not meet the demands of the stockholders, and in September 1911 the dissatisfaction boiled over into open revolt. On October 10, in consequence of the uncovering of a plot in Hankou (now [along with Wuchang] part of Wuhan) that had little or no connection with the Sichuan episode, a mutiny broke out among the troops in Wuchang, and this is regarded as the formal beginning of the revolution. The mutineers soon captured the Wuchang mint and arsenal, and city after city declared against the Qing government. The regent, panic-stricken, granted the assembly’s demand for the immediate adoption of a constitution and urged a former viceroy, Yuan Shikai, to come out of retirement and save the dynasty. In November he was made premier.
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Chinese Revolution (1911–12), nationalist democratic revolt that overthrew the Qing (or Manchu) dynasty in 1912 and created a republic, albeit one that would, in the succeeding decades, witness the progressive collapse of national unity and orderly government. Learn more about the Chinese Revolution here.Chinese Revolution in 20th Century The collapse of the Chinese Imperial system in 1911 was an event that had been in the making since the mid 1850 s (Zedong pp. 213-4). Between 1850 and 1911 there were many uprisings and wars fought in China. These events compounded and eventually caused a Republican Revolution that forever changed the face of Chinese History (Franke pp. 189).The Chinese Revolution was a revolution against many things: foreign imperialism in China, the Qing monarchy, privilege and inequality, exploitation and corruption, national disunity, China’s military and economic weakness.At the turn of the 20th century, the Chinese nation was fragmented and still mired in the past. Its government was dominated by feudal monarchs who claimed to rule on behalf of heaven. Its economy was largely agricultural, carried by labouring peasants, while its social structures, practices and traditions were more medieval than modern. The second great revolution of the second decade of the 20th century was the Chinese—truly historic. Beginning in 1911, a batch, initially, of middle-class revolutionary student intellectuals overthrew the imperial system. A system that had recurred in China for many centuries was now toppled. Learn more about how the United States gained all of what is now the American. The seeds of the Chinese Revolution can be found in the anti-imperialism and rising nationalism of the 19th century. The Chinese Revolution was a revolution against many things: foreign imperialism in China, the Qing monarchy, privilege and inequality, exploitation and corruption, national disunity, China’s military and economic weakness.
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