what were the factors responsible for French revolution
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Answer:
The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the French Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people.
Causes of the French Revolution
As the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the American Revolution, and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his predecessor, had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy.
Not only were the royal coffers depleted, but two decades of poor harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes – yet failed to provide any relief – by rioting, looting and striking.
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Answer:
There were various factors responsible for French Revolution.
a) Long War with Britain: - The French King Louis XVI helped the thirteen American colonies to gain independence from their common enemy, Britain. This drained out their treasury and made a debt of about 1 billion livres. So, the king had to increase the revenue.
b) The society of estates: - During the Old Regime, the French society was divided into three estates. The first and second estate comprised of clergy and nobles. The third estate consisted of businessmen, merchants, lawyers, farmers, peasants etc. According to law, only the third estate had to pay taxes. So it was a very difficult life for the commons.
c) Concentration of power: - Although the third estate paid the taxes, they had very negligible power. The power was concentrated in the hands of the first and the second estates. Also, they enjoyed certain other privileges, of which the third estate was deprived.
d) Subsistence crisis: - The population of France rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to an increase in demand of food grains. Thus the price of bread (the staple food) increased and it became difficult for the poor people to buy bread. This led to subsistence crisis, where people were deprived of the basic necessities.
e) Growing of Middle Class: - In the Old Regime, the power of the people did not depend on his/her merit, rather, it depended on lineage. The clergy and the nobility enjoyed power and privileges for decades, During this time, a new class emerged. They became rich by their efforts in businesses, not by lineage. They were termed as the middle class and they protested against this system of lineage.
All these factors along with several other factors including the immediate cause of the storming of the Bastille led to the outbreak of the French Revolution.