what were the factors that have to growth of new kingdoms after the death of Aurangzeb
Answers
Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad[3] (Persian: محي الدين محمد) (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707),[1] commonly known by the sobriquet Aurangzeb (Persian: اورنگزیب "Ornament of the Throne")[3] or by his regnal title Alamgir (Persian: عالمگير "Conqueror of the World"),[4] was the sixth Mughal emperor, who reigned for a period of 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.[5][6] Widely considered to be the last effective Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb was also one of the most influential rulers of the 17th century.
Muhi-ud-din Muhammad
Aurangzeb Alamgir
محي الدين محمد اورنگزیب عالمگِیر
Padishah of the Mughal Empire
Aurangzeb
Alamgir I
Caliph of The Merciful
Royalty of God
Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg
Emperor Aurangzeb seated on a throne in the darbar with a hawk
6th Mughal Emperor
Reign
31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
Coronation
13 June 1659 at Shalimar Bagh, Delhi
Predecessor
Shah Jahan
Successor
Muhammad Azam Shah (titular)
Bahadur Shah I
Born
Muḥī al-Dīn Muḥammad[1]
4 November 1618 (N.S.)
Dahod, Mughal Empire (present-day Gujarat, India)
Died
3 March 1707 (N.S.) (aged 88)
Ahmednagar, Mughal Empire (present-day Maharashtra, India)
Burial
Tomb of Aurangzeb, Khuldabad
Consort
Dilras Banu Begum[2]
Wives
Nawab Bai[2]
Aurangabadi Mahal[2]
Issue
Zeb-un-Nissa
Muhammad Sultan
Zinat-un-Nissa
Bahadur Shah I
Badr-un-Nissa
Zubdat-un-Nissa
Muhammad Azam Shah
Sultan Muhammad Akbar
Mehr-un-Nissa
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Full name
Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad[1]
Regnal name
Alamgir[1]
عالمگير
House
Timurid
Father
Shah Jahan
Mother
Mumtaz Mahal
Religion
Sunni Islam
Described as a military paragon, Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and an Islamic economist; during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, ruling over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres,[9] and he ruled over a population estimated to be over 158 million subjects,[8] with an annual yearly revenue of $450 million (more than ten times that of his contemporary Louis XIV of France),[1or £38,624,680 (2,879,469,894 rupees) in 1690. Under his reign, India surpassed China to become the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over $90 billion, nearly a quarter of global GDP and more than the entirety of Western Europe.
Unlike his predecessors, including his father Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb considered the royal treasury to be held in trust for the citizens, and not as a hereditary private property. He did not enjoy a luxurious life and his personal expenses and constructions of small mosques were covered by his own earnings, which included the sewing of caps and trade of his written copies of the Quran.[14][15] Aurangzeb never claimed to be a caliph, but a King who is elected as God's guardian and trustee of His money, he has been variously called as a Caliph of The Merciful, Monarch of Islam, and Living Custodian of God.As a memorizer of the Quran, he was one of the few powerful rulers who established Sharia law and Islamic ethics in India.
Aurangzeb has been subject to controversy and criticism for his policies that abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, citing his introduction of the Jizya tax, destruction of Hindu temples, and the executions of Maratha Kingdom ruler Sambhaji and the ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. Various historians question the historicity of the claims of his critics, arguing that his destruction of temples has been exaggerated, and noting that he also built temples, aid for the maintenance of temples, employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims.
Aurangzeb's other criticisms include the prohibition and supervision of behaviour and activities that are forbidden in Islam, such as the bowing to the king, drinking of alcohol, gambling, sexual immorality, music, human drawings, castration, servitude, eunuchs, music, nautch and even the use of narcotic and addictive substances,[29][30] which have been argued to have violated rights to freedom of enjoyment. The downfall of the Mughal Empire is sometimes thought to have begun near the end of his reign due to his political and religious intolerance.
Aurangzeb died by natural causes at his military camp in 1707. His funeral was ascetically modest, and the personal earnings that he left behind were given to charity as per his instructions. His death marks the end of Medieval India, the start of modern Indian history and the domination of European powers in India.