What were the inventions of French leaders during french Revolution to bring collective responsibility among the French citizens ?
Please answer this class 10 ncert history question from the chapter:
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
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The painting shows men and women from different ages and social groups marching in a long queue and giving honor to the Statue of Liberty. The painting describes statue of Liberty as a female figure having torch of enlightenment in one hand and charter of man’s right in other hand. The statue is a female figure because liberty was defined as a female figure by various French artists. He has shown shattered remains of absolutist institutions on the ground. Absolutist means a form of rule or government where the power is concentrated in the hands of a one person. In his utopian vision (vision of an ideal society that is unlikely to actually exist) he has described a group of people from different nations walking together towards statue of Liberty. The distinction can be easily felt as one can see people with different flags and different types of costumes worn by them. Ways past the statue of Liberty are the United States and Switzerland which were already nation- states by then. Then comes France, with its tricolor flag and she is followed by Germany. Germany was not a nation when this painting was made but as it was a dream of Sorrieu so he painted various countries that are part of this dream painting such as Austria, Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. He has also painted Christ, saints and angels who are gazing the scene from heavens. This has been done to depict the fraternity. This chapter will deal with various issues that were visualized by Sorrieu in his painting.
During the nineteenth century nationalism grew as a strong force that brought various political changes in Europe. The final result of these changes was the coming up of the nation-state in place of the multinational dynastic empires of Europe.
1. The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation
It was France from where the concept of nationalism came into existence for the first time, with the French Revolution in 1789. Before this, France was a territorial state. This means that it was ruled by an absolute monarchy. The word absolute means a rule where the whole power is concentrated in the hands of a ruler or a monarch. The French revolution brought the concept of nation and nationalism in France.
The main aim was to form a nation where there will be a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. For this the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity among the French citizens. Some of the measures taken by the revolutionaries are as follows:
The royal flag was replaced by a new tricolor flag.
The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
A centralized administrative system was put in place.
Uniform laws for all citizens were formulated.
Internal customs duties and dues were abolished.
Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
French was considered as a common language of the nation.
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The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people
Explanation:
In 1787 the France Revolution started and ended in 1799, & was a time of great social change. It tried to alter the relationship between the rulers & the leaders & redefine the essence of political power.
The French Revolution of 1789 was the first visible manifestation of nationalism. The "political & constitutional" reforms following the French revolutions contributed to the transition of Power from the monarchy to one body of French citizens. France was a fully federal state in the year 1789. France was under the rule of an absolute ruler. It was the people who proclaimed the revolution that the nation was to be founded & its destiny created.
The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people which were:
- The French revolutionaries had taken many important action to create a sense of the French people's collective identity:
- Ideas of the "homeland"(la patrie) & of the "citizen" (la citoyen) highlighting the notion of an equal rights for a united community in accordance with the constitution.
- The royal standard was replaced by a new French flag, a tricolour.
- The General Estates was "renamed" to the National Assembly and elected by an active population.
- In the name of the nation, there were new oaths, hymns, & martyrs "commemorated".
- For the whole nation, a "central administration system" made uniform laws.
- Encourage "regional dialects" & promote "French" as the "nation's "common language".
To know more
Examine the role of french revolution in establishing democracy in ...
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