what were the main causes of revolt of 1857 and why does it fail?
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1. The doctrine of Lapse: The Company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance in the name of Doctrine of Lapse, which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs. Many of the Nobility had lost titles and domains under the Doctrine of Lapse and felt that the company had taken away their birthright.
2. Company Rules and Regulations: The second group, the taluqdars, had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation. It has also been suggested that heavy land-revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders and providing ultimately a reason to rebel; money lenders, in addition to the Company, were particular objects of the rebels' animosity.
3. A general Anger: The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians. The official Blue Books, *East India (Torture) 1855–1857*, laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857, revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians.
4. The insecurity of losing religion: There was a common resentment against social changes that British tried to bring with abolishing Sati, child marriage and promotion of education of the Girl Child which made Indians feel a change in their age-old religious beliefs and thus it was taken as a step to increase conversions to Christianity. The Indian of those times would prefer dying instead of changing their religion. Not that there were any inferences of conversion but the feeling of insecurity itself raise the tension got multiplied becoming one of the prominent reasons for the revolt of 1857 or the sepoy mutiny or the first war of independence.
5. The grease on the cartridge: The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new Enfield P-53 rifle. These rifles, which fired Minié balls, used paper cartridges that came pre-greased. To load the rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder. The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include tallow derived from beef, which would be offensive to Hindus, and pork, which would be offensive to Muslims.
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2. Company Rules and Regulations: The second group, the taluqdars, had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation. It has also been suggested that heavy land-revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders and providing ultimately a reason to rebel; money lenders, in addition to the Company, were particular objects of the rebels' animosity.
3. A general Anger: The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians. The official Blue Books, *East India (Torture) 1855–1857*, laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857, revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians.
4. The insecurity of losing religion: There was a common resentment against social changes that British tried to bring with abolishing Sati, child marriage and promotion of education of the Girl Child which made Indians feel a change in their age-old religious beliefs and thus it was taken as a step to increase conversions to Christianity. The Indian of those times would prefer dying instead of changing their religion. Not that there were any inferences of conversion but the feeling of insecurity itself raise the tension got multiplied becoming one of the prominent reasons for the revolt of 1857 or the sepoy mutiny or the first war of independence.
5. The grease on the cartridge: The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new Enfield P-53 rifle. These rifles, which fired Minié balls, used paper cartridges that came pre-greased. To load the rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder. The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include tallow derived from beef, which would be offensive to Hindus, and pork, which would be offensive to Muslims.
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