Question

what were the nature of new states of the later mughal period

Answer 1

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Mughal Empire

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Not to be confused with the Mongol Empire or Moghulistan.

"Mughals" redirects here. For the ethnic groups, see Mughal people.

The Mughal Empire, Mogul or Moghul Empire, was an early-modern empire in South Asia.[9] For some two centuries, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan plateau in south India.[10]

Mughal Empire

1526–1540

1555–1857



The empire at its greatest extent, in c. 1700

StatusEmpireCapital

Agra (1526–1540; 1555–1571; 1598–1648)

Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585)

Lahore (May 1586 – 1598)

Shahjahanabad, Delhi (1648–1857)

Common languages

Persian (official and court language)[1]

Zaban e Urdu e Mua'lla (language of the ruling classes, later given official status)[2]

Hindavi (Lingua franca)

Arabic (for religious ceremonies)

Chagatai Turkic (only initially)

Other South Asian languages

Religion

Sunni Islam (Hanafi) (1526–1857)

Din-i Ilahi (1582–1605)

GovernmentAbsolute monarchy,

unitary state with federal structure,

centralized autocracy

Islamic sharia[3](1526–1719)

Oligarchy with a restricted monarch figurehead (1719–1857)Emperor[a] 

• 1526–1530

Babur (first)

• 1837–1857

Bahadur Shah II (last)Historical eraEarly modern

• First Battle of Panipat

21 April 1526

• Empire interrupted by Sur Empire

1540–1555

• Mughal–Maratha Wars

1680–1707

• Death of Aurangzeb

3 March 1707

• Battle of Karnal

24 February 1739

• Carnatic Wars

1746–1763

• Battle of Plassey

1757

• Bengal War

1759–1765

• Siege of Delhi

21 September 1857Area1690[5][6]4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)Population

• 1700[7]

158,400,000CurrencyRupee, Taka, dam[8]:73–74

Preceded bySucceeded byDelhi SultanateBengal SultanateRajput statesChero dynastyDeccan sultanatesBengal SubahDurrani EmpireMaratha EmpireSikh EmpireCompany rule in IndiaBritish RajToday part ofIndia

Pakistan

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Nepal

The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what today is Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires,[11] to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of Upper India. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar.[12] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[13][14] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently, especially during the East India Company rule in India, to the region in and around Old Delhi, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare.[15][16][17] Under Akbar it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and people it came to rule, instead incorporating conquered nobles into the empire's administrative structure and practicing religious tolerance,[18][19] leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule.[20] Later emperors gradually moved away from these policies in attempts to create a more orthodox Muslim state.[21] Akbar also instituted an agricultural tax system that became the base of the empire's wealth.

Answer 2

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By the time the Mughal empire was established, the power in the countryside was mostly in the hands of the large and small “Hindu” family and kin groups. The groups had emerged as a consolidated great Rajput caste, spread over a very large part of northern India, incorporating the various erstwhile ruling elements and the newly brahmanized tribal/pastoral chiefs. They enjoyed claims over the surplus produced by the peasants and were masters of their respective territories. The Mughals referred to them as zamindâr, a generic term the first reference to which comes from the fourteenth century. Caste-cohesion and caste affinity among them had encouraged conditions in which members of a sub-caste lived close to each other in a cluster of villages, known in Mughal India as pargana. Caste, zamindâri and pargana boundary often coexisted2. That these “Hindu” countryside lords were an important constituent of the Mughal state was not an ordinary achievement, but was not unprecedented.

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