Question

what were the various feature of collective farming? state the consequences of collective farming

Answer 1

Collective farming is basically the process by which individual land owners are forced to give up their land and assets (such as livestock) and give it to the state ran or organized "collectives" or "Communes" which in theory is a larger unit incorporating all nearby land/assets to achieve greater economy of scale and increase crop yields.

The problem with this is that first of all, people didn't like this process very much and often destroyed their assets (i.e slaughtered their livestock and ate it) rather than giving it up. Not only that, but collectives were pretty terrible at being efficient or giving incentives to its workers. If your the amount you are producing is going to the collective instead of yourself you have less incentive to produce, and when not enough food gets produced things are pretty bad.

That being said in -most- years collective farms aren't -that- bad and at least produce enough so that most people don't go hungry (and when they don't the government imports grain from US/Canada), mass starvation occurred mostly when farmers slaughtered their livestock in resisting collectivization (USSR in the 1930s) or someone makes a bunch of very stupid policies (Great Leap Forward in China).

Some countries (i.e Hungary) did a significant better job at collectivizing than the Soviets or Chinese, and Collective farms does make it easier for economic planners to manage since they combine many smaller farms into one big one, and it's easier to planners to manage 10,000 large farms than 10,000,000 smaller ones. It's a pretty useful tool to cement Communist rule over the countryside.

Answer 2

Collective farming and communal farmingare various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise."[1] That type of collective is often an agricultural cooperative in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities. The process by which farmland is aggregated, often by force, is called collectivization. In some countries (including the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc countries, China, and Vietnam), there have been state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example, the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy(cooperative-run type) and sovkhozy (state-run type), often denoted in English as collective farms and state farms, respectively.

Pre-20th century history

Main articles: Communal land, Property, and Commons

A small group of farming or herding families living together on a jointly managed piece of land is surely one of the most common living arrangements in all of human history. This has co-existed with, and competed with, more individualistic forms of ownership (as well as state ownership), since the beginnings of agriculture. Private ownership came to predominate in much of the Western world, and is therefore better studied. The process by which Western Europe's communal land (and other property) became private is a fundamental question behind views of property: is it the legacy of historical injustices and crimes? Karl Marx believed that what he called primitive communism (joint ownership) was ended by exploitative means he called primitive accumulation. By contrast Libertarian thinkers say that by the homestead principle, whoever is first to work on the land is the rightful owner.