what where the changes that made the modern world
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The Industrial Revolution was accompanied by a fundamental change in the evolution of technology in Western society. In technological terms it is the historical dividing line between an era of heuristic advances in production systems and a time of focused application of the scientific approach to increasing productivity. But historians also recognize the importance of the chemical revolution of the late nineteenth century. This saw the introduction of continuous industrial processing, signalling a new relationship between human labour and the materials on which they worked, although the manufacturing process was still dominated by batch production. The next major change, just after the Second World War, was the scientific and technological revolution, which potentially heralded the end of the millennia-old systems of the mechanical processing of materials, replacing them with biological, chemical and molecular-level production processes.
J. D. Bernal was the key figure behind studies of technology's role in history, influenced heavily by the decisive interventions of the Soviet delegation to the 1931 Congress of the History of Science in London. In particular, Boris Hessen's paper, by demonstrating how even Newton's most abstract concerns in Principia were profoundly influenced by the political economy of the time, reshaped the way in which the history of science would be viewed. Bernal's ideas were subsequently developed in the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, where some very interesting work was done in the 1970s and 80s. However, no significant work on this has emerged from there since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The imprint of that Eastern European tradition seems to remain with Vaclav Smil, even though he moved from Czechoslovakia to North America in 1969. His book Creating the Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2005) described the impact of post-1870s technological developments on society, and his new book, Transforming the Twentieth Century, carries on where the first left off. Between them they cover both the continuous-processing, and the scientific and technological revolutions.