what will happen if the heating element is near the top of an electric kettle?
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Hot water is less dense cold water, so hot water rises from a hot element to the top of the water, giving off heat all the way, so the heating is uniform. This is called natural convection. If the element was at the top, hot water would tend to stay at the top, leading to uneven heating, perhaps with the water at the top boiling while the bottom is still cold. With a stirrer included (forced convection) the water could be moved past a top-mounted element for even heating. This would add a complication, which is undesirable from a design viewpoint..
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If you placed the heating element at the top and the kettle isn't full, the water wouldn't get heated because the element isn't there so you would still have cold or at most lukewarm water. ... When it's at the bottom, hot water weighs less than cold water so it rises to the top, thus heating all the way through.
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