What would happen if we had air had 78% oxygen instead of 21%
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While not higher than N2, there once were much higher levels of O2 than today. It was the Carboniferous Era. Dragonflies had huge wingspans because insects, without lungs, could get O2 to their body parts better when the O2 was higher, allowing them to grow much larger. We speculate that fire was more common then because higher O2 concentrations make starting fires easier.
Because N2 and O2 constitute nearly 100% of our air, more O2 than N2 means O2 greater than 50%, which is more than double what it is today (~21%). There were recent wildfires in California that took weeks to contain. You can be sure that even a modest increase in O2 concentration would have made more wildfires and that they would have burnt up even larger areas.
At 50% O2, a match would essentially explode when you struck it.
More importantly, we would all die young because of the destruction of our sensitive lung linings by oxygenation (slow burning). Who knows, even spontaneous human combustion (impossible in our air) might be a possibility of the O2 were high enough.
I could also read this question differently. What if the N2 were reduced and replaced by, say, Ar. Now, the O2 could still be 21%, but the N2 could be anything less than that. About half of the worldwide nitrogen compounds in soil come from nitrogen-fixing bacteria, there would be a drop in soil nitrogen (assuming that the bacteria’s effectiveness depends on the partial pressure of N2). Plants would grow more slowly and less vigorously. The reduction in the production of the producers of our food webs on land would rebound throughout all land life and result in widespread death. The eventual rebalancing of the food webs would leave behind a different world.
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