What would the aim and hypothesis be for this article.
KEY STUDY – D. R Godden and A. D. Baddeley (1975)
Context-Dependent Memory in Two Natural Environments:
On Land and Underwater
British Journal of Psychology, Volume 3, Pages 325-331
In a free recall experiment by Godden and Baddeley (1975), divers learnt lists of words in two natural
environments: on dry land and underwater, and recalled the words in either the environment of original
learning or in the alternative environment. Lists learnt underwater were best recalled underwater, and lists
learnt on dry land were best recalled on dry land.
To participate in the study, Godden and Baddeley used 18 subjects (13 males and 5 females), who were members of a university diving club. They developed five lists of words to use in the study, each list comprised of 36 unrelated two and three syllable words. The words were chosen at random from an online
word bank. The study also required the use of diver underwater communication (DUC) devices, in order for the underwater participants to be able to communicate with the experimenter who was on dry land.
Godden and Baddeley (1975) used a repeated measures design consisting of four conditions:
• Learning words on dry land and recalling on dry land
• Learning words on dry land and recalling underwater
• Learning words underwater and recalling underwater
• Learning words underwater and recalling on dry land.
Participants were required to learn the 36 words (which they had heard twice) during the “learning stage”. This was played to participants through the DUC devices, and the words were presented in blocks, with a 4-second interval between each word. This was to ensure that the noise from the underwater breathing equipment did not affect the participants ability to hear the words. As a distraction, participants had to listen to and write down 15 numbers (a distractor task). There were 24 hours between conditions, meaning the study was conducted over 4 days.
Learning Environment Average Recall on Dry Land Average Recall Underwater
Dry Land 13.5 words 8.6 words
Underwater 8.4 words 11.4 words
Godden and Baddeley (1975) found that recall was approximately 50% better when recall took place in the same environment as the original learning took place, and that 40% more words were forgotten when the recall environment changed. They were able to conclude that the use of context-dependent cues aided in the recall process.
Answers
Answer:
Aims and Hypotheses
Writing your aims, hypotheses and justifications of your hypotheses is an extension of your ongoing research process of generating, refining and modifying your research ideas, planning, reading and writing that you began at the beginning of your research. As with all aspects of your research thesis, this section of it should not contain any surprises for its readers, because it should naturally flow on from your setting of your research scene, and your presentation of the relevant research literature, and its key messages.
Aims
An aim identifies the purpose of the investigation. It is a straightforward expression of what the researcher is trying to find out from conducting an investigation.
Hypotheses
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study.
This usually involves proposing a possible relationship between two variables: the independent variable (what the researcher changes) and the dependant variable (what the research measures).
In research, there is a convention that the hypothesis is written in two forms; the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis:
The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other). It states results are due to chance and are not significant in terms of supporting the idea being investigated.
The alternative hypothesis states that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable has an effect on the other). It states that the results are not due to chance and that they are significant in terms of supporting the theory being investigated