whats the reason that the cell of an animal depens on its size
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For well over 100 years, cell biologists have been wondering what determines the size of cells. In modern times, we know all of the molecules that control the cell cycle and cell division, but we still do not understand how cell size is determined. To check whether modern cell biology has made any inroads on this age-old question, BMC Biology asked several heavyweights in the field to tell us how they think cell size is controlled, drawing on a range of different cell types. The essays in this collection address two related questions - why does cell size matter, and how do cells control it.
Why do cells care how big or small they are? One reason cell size matters is that the basic processes of cell physiology, such as flux across membranes, are by their nature dependent on cell size. As a result, changes in cell volume or surface area will have profound effects on metabolic flux, biosynthetic capacity, and nutrient exchange. A second reason is that the basic machinery of cell division in eukaryotes relies on microtubules, both to form the mitotic spindle and position it properly relative to the cortex. Because of the dynamic properties of microtubules, they are able to probe a limited range of lengths, and if cells get too big or too small, the mitotic apparatus may have difficulty working. Very small cells could not form a proper spindle, and very large cells could not coordinate their divisions during cleavage. This idea is elaborated in essays by Frankel and by Kimura, who discuss the apparent upper and lower limits on cell size with respect to cell division machinery. Finally, in both animals and plants, cells must fit together like puzzle pieces to form tissues and organs, and that means that a cell has to have a size appropriate to its position within the overall tissue, a topic discussed by Wallingford in the context of animal development.
Why do cells care how big or small they are? One reason cell size matters is that the basic processes of cell physiology, such as flux across membranes, are by their nature dependent on cell size. As a result, changes in cell volume or surface area will have profound effects on metabolic flux, biosynthetic capacity, and nutrient exchange. A second reason is that the basic machinery of cell division in eukaryotes relies on microtubules, both to form the mitotic spindle and position it properly relative to the cortex. Because of the dynamic properties of microtubules, they are able to probe a limited range of lengths, and if cells get too big or too small, the mitotic apparatus may have difficulty working. Very small cells could not form a proper spindle, and very large cells could not coordinate their divisions during cleavage. This idea is elaborated in essays by Frankel and by Kimura, who discuss the apparent upper and lower limits on cell size with respect to cell division machinery. Finally, in both animals and plants, cells must fit together like puzzle pieces to form tissues and organs, and that means that a cell has to have a size appropriate to its position within the overall tissue, a topic discussed by Wallingford in the context of animal development.
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