wheeled carts and chariots were first used in mahabaleshwar.
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By 1435 bc Egyptians were making chariots, and by the end of the century chariots with four-spoked wheels and light design were in use throughout the Levant and had been introduced to Minoan Crete and the southern European mainland.
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II. Carriages in Indian Iconography
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II. Carriages in Indian Iconography
p. 13-48
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Introduction
1To document the history of carriages in India is not an easy task.26 A few studies of value have been written on the subject for the ancient period,27 but a critical analysis pertaining to a longer period in order to provide a clear picture of the development of transport vehicles remains a desideratum.
Sources for the Ancient Period
Vehicles in Classical Literature
2There are references to vehicles in classical literature. In the Ṛgveda, a detailed description of the war chariot is found.28 The Sanskrit technical treatises29 mention (two-wheeled?) vehicles, indicating the size of most of their component parts, which are apparently ceremonial carts.30
3Classical texts often refer to various vehicles, but usually they don’t describe them and the classifications they suggest are conventional.
4In the Arthaśāstra, the types of vehicles are distinguished by their size (small, medium and big);31 Panini, on the occasion of grammatical examples, classifies them according to the goods they carry;32 Patanjali and others, according to the draught animal species used (horses, camels, donkeys, oxen, elephants, goats and rams).