Question

when and how strategic alliance can substitute for horizontal merger acquisition or vertical?​

Answer 1

$$ \Large \sf{Heya~Brainlian!} $$

Strategic alliances are a type of cooperative strategy whereby independent firms work together in a mutually beneficial way. Partners contribute resources such as products, distribution channels, project funding and knowledge toward their mutual goals. Firms enter alliances for reasons such as building economies of scale, entering new markets and sharing risk. Horizontal and vertical alliances are business-level alliances aimed at improving competitive advantage.

Hope this helps you...!!

Answer 2

$\bigstar\huge\bf\color{navy}Answer$

The second dimension they used was horizontal and vertical alliances—a horizontal alliance is one in which the partners belong to the same industry, while a vertical alliance is one in which the partners are from different industries