When compared to synthetic fibers, production of natural fiber is considered as eco-friendly practices. Compare and analyze the statement.
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Material selection in design and manufacturing of a sustainable product plays a vital role in the field of engineering design. The materials are used to explore their physical properties along with their mechanical properties to make the product better one and reach its customer satisfaction levels. The polymer composite materials are one of such materials which provide the ease of processing, productivity, and cost reduction (Faruk et al., 2012; Al-Oqla and Sapuan, 2014; Sanjay and Suchart, 2019). The composites are tailor-made materials which have a unique quality where the properties can be altered by varying the different reinforcement and matrix phase (Bledzki and Gassan, 1999; Yogesha, 2017). Compared with the synthetic fibers, the natural fibers have many advantages due to their abundance, availability, and low cost (Arpitha et al., 2017; Madhu et al., 2019b). The natural fibers are introduced instead of synthetic fibers to make the composites lighter. The density of natural fibers (1.2–1.6 g/cm3) is lower than glass fiber (2.4 g/cm3), which leads to the making of the light-weight composites. As a result, there is an increase in the demand for the commercial use of natural fiber-based composites in various industrial sectors. Therefore, natural fibers such as hemp, jute, sisal, banana, coir, and kenaf are extensively used in the production of the lightweight composites (Sreekala and Thomas, 2003; Thakur et al., 2014; Oksman et al., 2016). The natural fiber-based composites have been used in automotive interior linings (roof, rear wall, side panel lining), furniture, construction, packaging, and shipping pallets, etc. (Oksman, 2001; Lau et al., 2018; Sood and Dwivedi, 2018; Santhosh Kumar and Hiremath, 2019). Natural fibers are extracted from different plants and animals (chicken feather, hair, etc.) (Aziz and Ansell, 2004; Huda et al., 2006; Kicinska-Jakubowska et al., 2012). The plant fibers are made up of constituents like cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, waxes, and water-soluble substances, which is represented in Figure 1. The presence of cellulose which is hydrophilic in nature affects the interfacial bonding between the polymer matrix and the fibers because the matrix is hydrophobic. Chemical treatment of the natural fibers is one of the ways to optimize the interaction between the fibers and polymer matrix. As it reduces the OH functional groups present on the fiber surface and also it increases the surface roughness and hence enhances the interfacial interaction between the matrix and the fibers (Liu et al., 2005; Mahjoub et al., 2014; Manimaran et al., 2017; Athith et al., 2018; Sanjay et al., 2019a). The study of natural fibers is very essential to develop eco-friendly composites.
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