when kidneys lie in the dorsal part why does its external opening be front and when stomach is in front part its opening lies back.
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"the normal abdominal viscera have no fixed shapes and no fixed positions, and every description of them must be qualified by a statement of the conditions existing at the time of observation. Moreover, profound change may be caused not only by mechanical forces but also by mental influences" (A. E. Barclay). Organs tend to descend when a subject is in the erect position, and the most mobile organs are those attached by mesenteries.
The following structures can sometimes be palpated in normal subjects: pulsations of the abdominal aorta, the lumbar vertebrae, the lower pole of the right kidney, possibly the liver, and occasionally the spleen. The body of the uterus can be palpated bimanually.
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a smooth, glistening, serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall as the parietal peritoneum and is reflected from the body wall to various organs, where, as visceral peritoneum, it forms an integral part as the outermost, or serosal, layer. The pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum have a similar arrangement in the parietal and visceral layers, with a cavity between. The extraperitoneal tissue external to the parietal peritoneum is carried with the reflections to the organs and becomes a part of the serosal layer. Organs, like most of the intestine, that are almost completely invested by peritoneum are connected to the body wall by a mesentery. Other viscera, however, such as the kidneys, are retroperitoneal; i.e., they lie on the posterior abdominal wall and are covered by peritoneum only anteriorly.
The peritoneal cavity contains merely a thin film of fluid. The peritoneal cavity is completely closed in the male, whereas, in the female, it communicates with the uterine tubes and hence indirectly with the exterior of the body.
The following structures can sometimes be palpated in normal subjects: pulsations of the abdominal aorta, the lumbar vertebrae, the lower pole of the right kidney, possibly the liver, and occasionally the spleen. The body of the uterus can be palpated bimanually.
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a smooth, glistening, serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall as the parietal peritoneum and is reflected from the body wall to various organs, where, as visceral peritoneum, it forms an integral part as the outermost, or serosal, layer. The pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum have a similar arrangement in the parietal and visceral layers, with a cavity between. The extraperitoneal tissue external to the parietal peritoneum is carried with the reflections to the organs and becomes a part of the serosal layer. Organs, like most of the intestine, that are almost completely invested by peritoneum are connected to the body wall by a mesentery. Other viscera, however, such as the kidneys, are retroperitoneal; i.e., they lie on the posterior abdominal wall and are covered by peritoneum only anteriorly.
The peritoneal cavity contains merely a thin film of fluid. The peritoneal cavity is completely closed in the male, whereas, in the female, it communicates with the uterine tubes and hence indirectly with the exterior of the body.
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