when the first kideny transplantation occurred in world
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Explanation:
The idea of replacing diseased or damaged body parts has been around for millennia. Envisioned were complex transplants such as the “successful” transplantation of an entire leg by the 3rd century sainted physicians Cosmos and Damien, which is depicted in several famous paintings (Zimmerman 1998). As early as 600 b.c., the use of autogenous skin flaps to replace missing noses was conceived, and by the sixteenth century, Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Tagliacozzi 1597) and other pioneering plastic surgeons were successful with such procedures. The obvious extension of these methods was to use detached or “free” grafts of the patient’s own tissue or that of other donors. But not until the twentieth century was it ever mentioned that grafts might fail. Even the great eighteenth century experimentalist John Hunter, who transplanted human teeth and autotransplanted cocks’ spurs into their combs, seemed unaware that homografts would fail (Martin 1970). Only in the last half of the 20th century has there been a consensus that the outcome of homografts differs from that of autografts.
For a long time, proponents of skin homografts refused to admit that they would not work. Success was even claimed for grafts of whole ears and noses. After centuries of sloppy observation and self-deception, the realization crept in that detached (free) skin grafts were useless. In retrospect, the technical failure of even the early autografts was not surprising because at first full-thickness skin grafts were used. These thick grafts never became established because their underlying layer of fat and other tissue prevented revascularization. The first major technical advance (almost a “landmark”) came only in 1869, when Jacques-Louis Reverdin discovered that small, thin (split thickness) grafts would heal (Reverdin 1869). His autogenous “pinch grafts” successfully covered burns, ulcers, or open wounds. Others caught on, and soon an extensive experience with both autografts and homografts was accumulated. Surprisingly, neither Reverdin nor other enthusiasts (including well-respected surgeons such as Joseph Lister) noticed that homografts were inferior to autografts (Goldman 1987). Only one report of the time suggested otherwise. In 1871, the British surgeon George Pollock described a set of successful autogenous grafts, while on the same patient’s wound, homografts both from himself and another donor soon “disappeared” (Pollock 1871). This report was ignored while for additional decades claims of successful homografts continued. In one such case during the Boer War, Winston Churchill donated skin to help heal the open wound of a fellow officer. Years later, Churchill (1944) reported that this graft was still successful.
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