Where are the protective tissues of a plant generally located and why?
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Answer:
The protective tissue is those tissue, which is present in the outermost layer of the plant such as roots, stem, and leaves. Protective tissue prevents desiccation, mechanical injury, and infection in plants. They form a protective barrier which does not allow the entry of the pathogen into the plant.
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Answer:
Plants are a composite of cells organized into tissues. Every cell within these tissues has a unique size and shape and is surrounded by a wall composed of a complex carbohydrate called cellulose. Plant cells are attached to each other by a gluelike substance, pectin, that cements them together.
All plant tissues originate in meristems, which are unique tissues of the plant body. They are the sites of new cell production and of the genetic events necessary for cellular specialization. Meristems can be categorized by their locations. Apical meristems are composed of groups of dividing cells at the tips of shoots (branches) and roots. When meristematic cells produced by apical meristems begin elongating, they are classified as primary meristems. There are three types of primary meristems: protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium. As primary meristem cells stop dividing and begin differentiating, their classification changes to primary tissues. There are four primary tissues: the epidermis derived from protoderm, the ground tissues (parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma) derived from ground meristem, and two types of vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—derived from procambium. Primary tissues have specific positions in the plant body and specific functions.
As the organs of the plant body age, the stems and roots often grow wider. Growth in width is called lateral growth and is initiated by secondary meristems. There are two types of secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. The vascular cambium is located near the outside of stems and roots. Its function is to produce new cells that become part of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem tissues. The cork cambium is located near the outer edge of older stems and roots, and it produces the periderm, which is part of the bark.
The Concept of the Tissue System
In 1875, German scientist Julius von Sachs introduced a scheme that is still used today: the tissue systems. A tissue system is composed of tissues with a common position and function. The plant body has three tissue systems: dermal, ground, and vascular.
The dermal tissue system forms the outer, protective covering of the plant body. In young plants, the dermal tissue system consists of epidermis tissue. In some plants and plant organs, the epidermis remains intact
PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS
Tissue System Tissue Meristem Origin Primary or Secondary? Function
Dermal Epidermis Protoderm Primary Protect against pathogen entry and inhibit water loss
Periderm Cork cambium Secondary Protect against pathogen entry and inhibit water loss
Ground* Parenchyma Ground meristem† Both Storage of food products and water, photosynthesis, and other basic processes
Collenchyma Ground meristem Both Structural support of leaves and young stems
Sclerenchyma Ground meristem Both Structural support of plant organs
Vascular Xylem Procambium and vascular cambium Both Movement of water and dissolved materials throughout the plant
Phloem Procambium and vascular cambium Both Movement of sugars throughout the plant
* The gound tissues are located mostly in the cortex and pith of stems, roots, and fruits and in the mesophyll of leaves.
† These tissues can also appear as component parts of other complex tissues, e.g., parenchyma cells are an important part of the xylem.
throughout the life of the plant. However, in some aging plants the epidermis is torn and an underlying secondary meristem, the cork cambium, produces a secondary tissue, the periderm. The periderm, which consists of stacks of cells with waxy cell walls, then takes over the protective function. Although both the epidermis and the periderm occupy the same outer position and perform the same protective functions, they are derived from different meristems.
The ground tissue system consists of tissues that are produced by the ground meristem, one of the primary meristems. It is responsible for functions such as photosynthesis and storage and is comprised of the following tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
The vascular tissue system is composed of the water- and mineral-conducting tissue, xylem, and the food-conducting tissue, phloem. Primary vascular tissue is produced by the primary meristem, procambium, and secondary vascular tissue is produced by the vascular cambium.
The Ground Tissue System
The ground meristem produces the primary ground tissue of stems, leaves, roots, flowers, and fruits. The three ground tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. In stems and roots, ground tissues are located in the cortex and pith. The cortex lies between the epidermis and vascular tissue; the pith, when it is present, is located in the center of the organ. In leaves, the ground tissue is called mesophyll and is located between the upper and lower epidermis.
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