Where were inscriptions preserved?
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Inscriptions are important specimens for chronology because they are often physical objects contemporary in execution with their contents. The dating of the inscription itself frequently yields a trustworthy chronology of its message: a victory stela records something freshly deserving of celebration; an epitaph implies a recent death. Exceptions do exist, which record more or less remote events at a conscious historical remove; archival specimens, for example, and secondhand copies generally lack the contemporaneity of other inscriptions. On the whole, however, external dating is crucial and may be achieved in several ways. Excavated monuments can be chronologized by their archeological context, including stratigraphic analysis and radiocarbon dating of any adjacent remains of organic matter. The shape of the monument may permit stylistic and iconographic determination. The type and variety of script used, and especially the style of writing, often allow paleographic dating. Thus, the relative age of Hittite texts can be determined by spotting the typical “Old Hittite ductus” of the more ancient period, and the various “scribal hands” of the Linear B tablets have been differentiated with extreme subtlety. Sometimes a radical reform, such as the official adoption by Athens of the Ionic alphabet in 403 BCE (replacing the local Attic variety), provides a chronological watershed. Internal evidence of the inscription may yield its own kind of dating, either by synchronism with otherwise known facts or events or in true calendaric fashion. The year is frequently indicated by a king’s reign or the tenure of a magistrate. Such stable counting of time as, for example, from Rome’s legendary founding in 753 BCE, or from creation (5509 BCE, according to Christian dating) is rare in inscriptions; it became more of a historian’s device during the Classical and post-Classical periods. In smaller communities, however, especially in Asia Minor, analogous local departures were used (legendary or historical foundation dates or other epoch-making events), with confusing results for latter-day chronologists
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Inscriptions are written records engraved on the stones, pillars or walls of caves. The earliest deciphered epigraphic inscriptions of significant length ...