which are the 10 useful microorganisms and where they are useful and to which group they belongs
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Answer:
Types of Microorganisms are
bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Harmful Microorganisms examples: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus mutans, Salmonella enteric and Chlamydophila pneumonia. Useful Microorganisms include: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae.
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Answer:
microbiology came into being largely through studies of bacteria. the experiments of louis pasteur in france, robert koch in germany, and others in the late 1800s established the importance of microbes to humans. as stated in the historical background section, the research of these scientists provided proof for the germ theory of disease and the germ theory of fermentation. it was in their laboratories that techniques were devised for the microscopic examination of specimens, culturing (growing) microbes in the laboratory, isolating pure cultures from mixed-culture populations, and many other laboratory manipulations. these techniques, originally used for studying bacteria, have been modified for the study of all microorganisms—hence the transition from bacteriology to microbiology.
the organisms that constitute the microbial world are characterized as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes; all bacteria are prokaryotic—that is, single-celled organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus. their dna (the genetic material of the cell), instead of being contained in the nucleus, exists as a long, folded thread with no specific location within the cell.
until the late 1970s it was generally accepted that all bacteria are closely related in evolutionary development. this concept was challenged in 1977 by carl r. woese and coinvestigators at the university of illinois, whose research on ribosomal rna from a broad spectrum of living organisms established that two groups of bacteria evolved by separate pathways from a common and ancient ancestral form. this discovery resulted in the establishment of a new terminology to identify the major distinct groups of microbes—namely, the eubacteria (the traditional or “true” bacteria), the archaea (bacteria that diverged from other bacteria at an early stage of evolution and are distinct from the eubacteria), and the eukarya (the eukaryotes). today the eubacteria are known simply as the true bacteria (or the bacteria) and form the domain bacteria. the evolutionary relationships between various members of these three groups, however, have become uncertain, as comparisons between the dna sequences of various microbes have revealed many puzzling similarities. as a result, the precise ancestry of today’s microbes is very difficult to resolve. even traits thought to be characteristic of distinct taxonomic groups have unexpectedly been observed in other microbes. for example, an anaerobic ammonia-oxidizer—the “missing link” in the global nitrogen cycle—was isolated for the first time in 1999. this bacterium (an aberrant member of the order planctomycetales) was found to have internal structures similar to eukaryotes, a cell wall with archaean traits, and a form of reproduction (budding) similar to that of yeast cells.
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