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"Leader" redirects here. For other uses, see Leader (disambiguation).
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Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. Specialist literature debates various viewpoints, contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also (within the West) United States versus European approaches. U.S. academic environments define leadership as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task".[1][2]
Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits,[3] situational interaction, function, behavior,[4] power, vision and values,[5] charisma, and intelligence, among others.[2]
Contents
1 Historical views
2 Theories
2.1 Early western history
2.2 Rise of alternative theories
2.3 Reemergence of trait theory
2.4 Attribute pattern approach
2.5 Behavioral and style theories
2.5.1 Positive reinforcement
2.6 Situational and contingency theories
2.7 Functional theory
2.8 Integrated psychological theory
2.9 Transactional and transformational theories
2.10 Leader–member exchange theory
2.10.1 In-group members
2.10.2 Out-group members
2.11 Emotions
2.12 Neo-emergent theory
3 Leadership emergence
3.1 Assertiveness
3.2 Authenticity
3.3 Big Five personality factors
3.4 Birth order
3.5 Character strengths
3.6 Dominance
3.7 Emotional intelligence
3.8 Gender identity
3.9 Intelligence
3.10 Narcissism
3.11 Self-efficacy for leadership
3.12 Self-monitoring
3.13 Social motivation
4 Leadership styles
4.1 Autocratic or authoritarian
4.2 Participative or democratic
4.3 Laissez-faire or Free-rein
4.4 Task-oriented and relationship-oriented
5 Leadership differences affected by gender
6 Performance
7 Traits
8 Ontological-phenomenological model
9 Contexts
9.1 Organizations
9.2 Management
9.3 Group
9.4 Self-leadership
9.5 Biology and Evolution of Leadership
10 Myths
10.1 Leadership is innate
10.2 Leadership is possessing power over others
10.3 Leaders are positively influential
10.4 Leaders entirely control group outcomes
10.5 All groups have a designated leader
10.6 Group members resist leaders
11 Action-oriented environments
12 Critical thought
13 Executives
14 See also
15 References
Historical views
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Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince argues that it is better to be feared than loved.
Sanskrit literature identifies ten types of leaders. Defining characteristics of the ten types of leaders are explained with examples from history and mythology.[6]
Aristocratic thinkers have postulated that leadership depends on one's "blue blood" or genes. Monarchy takes an extreme view of the same idea, and may prop up its assertions against the claims of mere aristocrats by invoking divine sanction (see the divine right of kings). Contrariwise, more democratically inclined theorists have pointed to examples of meritocratic leaders, such as the Napoleonic marshals profiting from careers open to talent.[7]