Which factor led to the establishment of early settlement?
Answers
Water The most important environmental factor in early human settlement was water. Physical features like rivers, lakes, and inland seas were good sources of fresh water.
Water was important for many reasons. People needed fresh drinking water to live. They also bathed and washed things in fresh water. Bathing and washing helped prevent disease.
Water was a source of food. People caught fish from rivers, lakes, and seas. They hunted water birds and other animals that gathered near water.
In addition, farmers needed water to grow their crops. For this reason, farmers often settled near rivers. A river’s natural flooding could help irrigate their farms. Farmers could also dig canals or trenches to direct river water to their crops. For example, farmers in Mesopotamia dug canals for this purpose.
Water was also used for transportation. Cities and towns often used rivers as “highways.” People traveled in boats to visit relatives and trade goods. Towns near the sea could trade goods with countries far away.
Topography A second environmental factor was topography. Topography refers to the shape and elevation of the land. It includes features like mountains, hills, plains, valleys, and deserts.
The topography of an area was important for early human settlement. Farmers preferred to settle in flat, open areas such as plains and valleys. Large, flat spaces gave farmers room to plant crops. Also, the rich soil in coastal plains and river valleys was excellent for growing these crops.
Mountains were less friendly to human settlement. Steep mountains were hard to cross. Their jagged peaks, cold temperatures, and rocky land made farming difficult.
Deserts also discouraged settlement. They were hot and dry. They contained very little water for farming. Sandstorms occurred when strong winds carried dense clouds of sand that could block out the sun. The intense heat, lack of water, and sandstorms made travel and living in the desert difficult.
Vegetation A third environmental factor was vegetation, or plant life. There are many kinds of vegetation, such as trees, bushes, flowers, grass, and reeds. The crops people grow are also a type of vegetation.
Many aspects of physical geography affect vegetation. A climate with mild weather and regular rain is good for plant life. Fresh water supports the growth of vegetation. The areas around rivers and lakes are usually green and lush. Mountains are often covered with thick groves of trees. Dry and hot deserts have very little vegetation.
The vegetation in an area influenced early human settlement in several ways. Most important, plants were a source of food.People could eat the wild plants available and also the crops they planted. Vegetation had other uses as well. People learned to make many useful products out of plants, including baskets, tools, medicine, rope, and even paper. Trees provided shade from the hot sun. And plants and flowers added natural beauty to a place.
Wherever people settled in the ancient world, water, topography, and vegetation were important factors. Let’s look at how these environmental factors influenced the early settlements of the Egyptians, Kushites, and Israelites.
About 3.3 million years ago, there was regular obstacles like dangerous wild animals that are now considered extinct, harsh climate, food scarcity, ice age which pose a great threat to the survival of humans. There were only forests when first humans appeared in Africa about 100,000 years ago. Europe, was completely covered with Ice.
Humans used stones and stone equipment to hunt down large mammals like Mammoths for food.
Every day they go hunting to survive. They used to hunt red deer, Bison and more which may kill them within an instance. They discovered modern techniques in hunting, like inventing Bows and arrows, harpoons, spears and more.
Their lifestyle was so much impressive than ours but completely insane and dangerous. So they have decided to make a permanent settlements just because of the above reasons.
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