Which kind of government organisation is highly accountable to public? Identify and
discuss its merits and demerits. .
Answers
How the public sector supports public trust and confidence, and the role of public accountability in doing that, is not well understood. Although a lot of theory exists, there are few agreed concepts, frameworks, or guidance.
2.2
Before we can start to think about how to plan for and manage public accountability, we need to better understand why public accountability is important, the ways it can be established, and how the system of public accountability complements the system of public management.
Accountability has different meanings for different people
2.3
Haidt believes that accountability is fundamental at any time when people co-operate with other people they do not know.2 Accountability therefore can be seen to be as much about the relationship as it is about the responsibility (or task). Ultimately, it is about ensuring that people are able to trust each other to do what is expected of them.
2.4
Considering accountability from the perspective of the relationship means there can be different accountabilities between individuals or groups, and in many different contexts. Accountability can also have many different objectives. For example, one important accountability objective of health professionals is to ensure that their patients receive good medical treatment.
2.5
Different cultures can also emphasise different objectives. For example, one accountability objective for Māori communities is to ensure that their customs and behaviours are upheld and maintained across generations.
2.6
In teams of people, cultures of accountability can be more important than individual accountabilities. In fact, Katzenbach and Smith observe that "[n]o group ever becomes a team until it can hold itself accountable as a team".3 Rashid argues that, because teams of people must work together to pursue common goals, accountability within those teams can be more interpersonal and reciprocal. He uses the term mutual accountability to describe team members' evaluation of each member's progress in an "informal, unmediated, and even spontaneous" way.4
2.7
However, accountability does not just exist when co-operation is needed. It can also involve personal responsibility – for example, associated with religion or other beliefs, personal development goals, or ethical and moral values.
2.8
Individuals can experience or perceive accountability in a variety of ways. People can form personal expectations and attitudes through directly interacting with other people or when they use public services.5 Related to this is the idea of "felt accountability", the view that, among other things, "[i]ndividual behavior is predicated on perceptions of accountability".6
2.9
It is not surprising that international literature has identified many different definitions and descriptions of accountability. It has been researched as a medical, accounting, or legal concept, a virtue, and as a social or institutional arrangement.
2.10
In a public sector context, researchers have identified various types of accountability. These include political, legal, ministerial, democratic, bureaucratic, parliamentary, and social accountability. In practice, many related concepts are also associated with accountability, such as answerability, transparency, visibility, controllability, responsibility, or responsiveness. Accountability is also sometimes seen as simply providing an account.
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