which language directly correspondence to a specific machine
Answers
Answer:
Machine language, or machine code, consists of binary code and is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. An assembly language consists of a set of symbols and letters and requires translation to machine language.
Answer:
Programming Languages
A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do in order to come up with a solution to a particular problem. Programs are written using a programming language. A programming language is a formal language designed to communicate instructions to a computer. There are two major types of programming languages: low-level languages and high-level languages.
Low-Level Languages
Low-level languages are referred to as 'low' because they are very close to how different hardware elements of a computer actually communicate with each other. Low-level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration. There are two categories of low-level languages: machine language and assembly language.
Machine language, or machine code, is the only language that is directly understood by the computer, and it does not need to be translated. All instructions use binary notation and are written as a string of 1s and 0s. A program instruction in machine language may look something like this:
10010101100101001111101010011011100101
Technically speaking, this is the only language computer hardware understands. However, binary notation is very difficult for humans to understand. This is where assembly languages come in.
An assembly language is the first step to improve programming structure and make machine language more readable by humans. An assembly language consists of a set of symbols and letters. A translator is required to translate the assembly language to machine language. This translator program is called the 'assembler.' It can be called the second generation language since it no longer uses 1s and 0s to write instructions, but terms like MOVE, ADD, SUBand END.
Many of the earliest computer programs were written in assembly languages. Most programmers today don't use assembly languages very often, but they are still used for applications like operating systems of electronic devices and technical applications, which use very precise timing or optimization of computer resources. While easier than machine code, assembly languages are still pretty difficult to understand. This is why high-level languages have been developed.
High-Level Languages
A high-level language is a programming language that uses English and mathematical symbols, like +, -, % and many others, in its instructions. When using the term 'programming languages,' most people are actually referring to high-level languages. High-level languages are the languages most often used by programmers to write programs. Examples of high-level languages are C++, Fortran, Java and Python.
To get a flavor of what a high-level language actually looks like, consider an ATM machine where someone wants to make a withdrawal of $100. This amount needs to be compared to the account balance to make sure there are enough funds. The instruction in a high-level computer language would look something like this:
x = 100
if balance x:
print 'Insufficient balance'
else:
print 'Please take your money'
This is not exactly how real people communicate, but it is much easier to follow than a series of 1s and 0s in binary code.
There are a number of advantages to high-level languages. The first advantage is that high-level languages are much closer to the logic of a human language. A high-level language uses a set of rules that dictate how words and symbols can be put together to form a program. Learning a high-level language is not unlike learning another human language - you need to learn vocabulary and grammar so you can make sentences. To learn a programming language, you need to learn commands, syntax and logic, which correspond closely to vocabulary and grammar.