Question

which led to Green and white revolutions in India​

Answer 1

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The phrase Green-revolution is associated with spectacular increase in the productivity of food grains. The production of food-crops increased because of land reforms through chakbandi system, using high yielding variety of seeds, large scale use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, development of surfaced and groundwater irrigational facilities and last but not least the rural electrification and farm mechanization. Institutional reforms which led to green revolution in India are:

(i) Abolition of zamindari system.

(ii) Provision of crop-insurance facility to protect farmers against loss of crop failure by natural calamities like drought, flood, hailstorm, cyclones, fire and diseases etc.

(iii) Easy availability of capital at low rate of interest.

(iv) Consolidation of small holdings to make them economically viable.

(v) Special weather bulletins for farmers are introduced on newspaper, radio and television.

(vi) The Government fixes the price of crops at Mandi, so that farmers may not get exploited by the market or mediators.

1. White Revolution:

India is now the largest producer of milk in the world which is largely due to White Revolution. Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka and Rajasthan have over two-third of the cattle population of India. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Assam and Gujarat also have considerable number of cattle. Cross­breed from foreign native cattle have also been developed. A number of cattle development projects have been initiated by the government.

2. Dairy co-operative:

These co-operatives perform following activities:

(i) They collect and market milk.

(ii) They provide butter and cheese to urban population.

(iii) They have ended the exploitation by the middle men.

Answer 2

The technological and institutional reforms that led to Green Revolution were:

The development of HYV seeds of wheat in the early 60s, and those of rice in 70s laid the foundation of the Green Revolution in India.

To provide cheap loans to the farmers, many ‘Grameen banks’ or cooperative credit societies have been established in various villages.

Farmers are provided insurance for crop protection, droughts, floods, fire and diseases. Apart from these, Kisan Credit cards and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) have also been initiated by the Government.

Several schemes for irrigation were undertaken, and arid and semi-arid areas were brought under cultivation.

Reforms that led to Green Revolution were:

 Cattle development projects were initiated by the government.

Interference of middlemen was reduced and the concept of dairy cooperative farming was introduced.