which management provide an overview of all the projects that an organization is undertaking
a.project management
b.scope management
c.programme management
d.project portfolio management
Answers
Answer:
c. programme management
Answer:
Project management is the process of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and meet success criteria at a specified time. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals within the given constraints.[1] This information is usually described in project documentation, created at the beginning of the development process. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget.[2] The secondary challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and apply them to meet pre-defined objectives.
The objective of project management is to produce a complete project which complies with the client's objectives. In many cases the objective of project management is also to shape or reform the client's brief to feasibly address the client's objectives. Once the client's objectives are clearly established they should influence all decisions made by other people involved in the project – for example project managers, designers, contractors and sub-contractors. Ill-defined or too tightly prescribed project management objectives are detrimental to decision making.
A project is a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or staffing) undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value.[3][4] The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations),[5] which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the management of such distinct production approaches requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies.[6]
There are five important characteristics of a project. (i) It should always have a specific start and end dates. (ii) They are performed and completed by a group of people. (iii) The output is delivery on unique product or service. (iv) They are temporary in nature. (v) It is progressively elaborated. example: Designing a new car, writing a book.
Project Complexity Edit
Complexity and its nature plays an important role in the area of project management. Despite having number of debates on this subject matter, studies suggest lack of definition and reasonable understanding of complexity in relation to management of complex projects.[50] As it is considered that project complexity and project performance are closely related, it is important to define and measure complexity of the project for project management to be effective.[51]
By applying the discovery in measuring work complexity described in Requisite Organization and Stratified Systems Theory, Dr Elliott Jaques classifies projects and project work (stages, tasks) into basic 7 levels of project complexity based on such criteria as time-span of discretion and complexity of a project's output:[52][53]
Level 1 Project – improve the direct output of an activity (quantity, quality, time) within a business process with targeted completion time up to 3 months.
Level 2 Project – develop and improve compliance to a business process with targeted completion time from 3 months to 1 year.
Level 3 Project – develop, change and improve a business process with targeted completion time from 1 to 2 years.
Level 4 Project – develop, change and improve a functional system with targeted completion time from 2 to 5 years.
Level 5 Project – develop, change and improve a group of functional systems / business function with targeted completion time from 5 to 10 years.
Level 6 Project – develop, change and improve a whole single value chain of a company with targeted completion time from 10 to 20 years.
Level 7 Project – develop, change and improve multiple value chains of a company with target completion time from 20 to 50 years.[54]