Which media is used by secret agencies headquarters?
And why that media is important?
Answers
Explanation:
(1) RAW has a budget much higher than that of ISI. A key factor.
(2) RAW has 15 satellites in orbit for effective surveillance, telephonic interception etc. ISI has zero.
Answer:
Explanation:
Social media includes a number of services and platforms that we have all
become very familiar with: social networking (Facebook), micro-blogging, wikis,
and media sharing (YouTube). Social media services are usually maintained as
third-party platforms, and allow users to create profiles and content, share their
own and other content, and connect and dialogue with others, among other
things. Individuals as well as organizations can become part of these online
communities and forums. The use of social media is considered the fifth wave of
government information and communication technology, preceded by
mainframes, central timeshare systems, personal computers and online services.
8
It is a core facet of Web 2.0, which is characterized by user-generated content and
online identities and communities. More simple forms of social media were
certainly used by people and government prior to the Web 2.0 era, including
things like bulletin boards.
9
As noted above, the administration of Barack Obama issued its Open
Government Initiative and Directive and the Web 2.0 phenomenon has been
firmly established in federal government agencies. There is certainly a norm and
expectation that organizations use social media to extend their presence and
provide easier access to government information. After all, social media allows
government to meet people “where they are,” with the frequently posited benefits
of public education, engagement and participation, service provision,
collaborative efforts and co-production, openness, transparency and
accountability, trust building, and communication efficiency.
There are an equal number of potential concerns regarding the real efficacy of
government use of social media. Still in the early going, the benefits of social
media in government remain an open question for a variety of reasons. First,
political risks accompany the use of social media. Mistakes and missteps can
result in backfires and unintended consequences, possibly upsetting constituents
and dampening agency use. Thus, the vetting of information and interaction on
social media can hinder the twenty-four-hour, real-time nature of social media
interaction. There is also the possibility that agencies use social media in a
protective fashion in order to maintain or serve their own reputations.
8 Stuart I. Bretschneider and Ines Mergel, “Technology and Public Management Information
Systems: Where We Have Been and Where Are We Going,” in Donald C. Menzel and Harvey L.
White (eds.), The State of Public Administration: Issues, Problems and Challenges (New York:
M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2011), 187-203.
9 John Carlo Bertot, Paul T. Jaeger, and Derek Hansen, “The Impact of Policies on Government
Social Media Usage: Issues, Challenges, and Recommendations,” Government Information
Quarterly 29 (2012): 30-40.
Landon-Murray: Social Media and U.S. Intelligence Agencies
Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2015
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When using sites like Facebook and Twitter, governments cede control to the
third-party vendors who maintain social media sites, making it more difficult to
ensure that content is properly maintained and protected. Another issue is the
“digital divide,” the problem that certain demographics and individuals may not
have equal access to online forums. Another critique or concern is that national
security organizations cannot make use of social media given the nature of their
work. However, such organizations are in fact using social media, and it remains
an empirical question as to what can and is being accomplished.
Experimentation and “constructive chaos” have described much of the unfolding
use of social media by the U.S. federal government.
10 Federal agencies have tested
and tinkered with various tools and approaches (ironically settling on the more
basic uses), relying on observation of citizen use and preferences, the practices of
other agencies, peer interaction, and formal guidelines.
The result is the use of
social media as a “pure broadcasting mechanism,”
simply “pushing” existing
information through new channels. These dynamics have also been observed
abroad and down to the local level,13 with trial and error approaches resulting in
pre-Web 2.0 tactics.14
To be sure, there have been positive and effective uses of social media, including
in the realm of security and foreign policy. Social media has proven effective in
emergency management and security threat scenarios, in some cases with the
crucial aid of respected journalists.
The U.S. Department of State has adopted
the practice of receiving and responding to citizen and journalist questions on
matters of foreign policy and diplomacy
Conversely, the Transportation
Security Administration has edited the public comments posted on their social
media sites,
a practice that has been exhibited elsewhere as well and can serve
to dampen user interest.
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