Which of the following correctly describes the effect of European colonization on the languages of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia?
A
Native languages have been standardized and given an alphabet.
B
Colonizers were able to successfully preserve many native languages.
C
Many of the Aboriginal languages are now extinct and few are still widely spoken.
D
Most Aboriginal peoples have refused to give up their native languages for English.
Answers
Answer:
The Australian Aboriginal languages consist of around 290–363[1] languages belonging to an estimated 28 language families and isolates, spoken by Aboriginal Australians of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands.[2] The relationships between these languages are not clear at present. Despite this uncertainty, the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages",[3] or the "Australian family".[a]
The primary typological division in Australian languages: Pama–Nyungan languages (tan) and non-Pama–Nyungan languages (mustard and grey).
People who speak Australian Aboriginal languages as a percentage of the population in Australia, divided geographically by statistical local area at the 2011 census
The term can include both Tasmanian languages and the Western Torres Strait language,[5] but the genetic relationship to the mainland Australian languages of the former is unknown,[6] while that of the latter is Pama–Nyungan, though it shares features with the neighbouring Papuan, Eastern Trans-Fly languages, in particular Meriam Mir of the Torres Strait Islands, as well as the Papuan Tip Austronesian languages.[7] Most Australian Aboriginal languages belong to the Pama–Nyungan family, while the remainder are classified as "non-Pama–Nyungan", which is a term of convenience that does not imply a genealogical relationship.
In the late 18th century, there were more than 250 distinct Aboriginal social groupings and a similar number of languages or varieties.[5] The status and knowledge of Aboriginal languages today varies greatly. Many languages became extinct with settlement as the encroachment of colonial society broke up Indigenous cultures. For some of these languages, few records exist for vocabulary and grammar. At the start of the 21st century, fewer than 150 Aboriginal languages remain in daily use,[8] with the majority being highly endangered. In 2020, 90 per cent of the barely more than 100 languages still spoken are considered endangered.[9] 13 languages are still being transmitted to children.[10] The surviving languages are located in the most isolated areas. Of the five least endangered Western Australian Aboriginal languages, four belong to the Ngaanyatjarra grouping of the Central and Great Victoria Desert.
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