Question

Which of the following does not figure in almond and verba classification of political culture?
Cognitive Orientation
Affective Orientation
Evaluative Orientation
Empirical Orientation​

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

The political sociology of Almond and Verba(1963)is stronglyinfluenced by sociological structural functionalism. Structural functionalism emergedin the late 19thand early20thcenturyin the context ofintense social change and the emergence of destabilizingmass political movementsspurred by industrializationand political enfranchisement. It  was  thepotential  disintegration  of  society  at  the  hands  of rapid changethat  motivated  early  structural functionalists, particularly Emile Durkheim, to studyhow societies can maintain social unity.At the core of structural functionalism liesthe concept of social function–a term initially developed in Durkheim’s The Division of Labor in Society. To ask what a function is, posits Durkheim, requires one to “investigate the need to which it corresponds” (1997 [1893]: 11).2Specifically, for Durkheim a formal or informal institution’sfunction is “the correspondence between it and the needs of the social organism” (Radcliffe-Brown 1935: 394).3Thus in hisanalysis  of  the  division  of  labor,  Durkheimconcludes  that  “the  economic  services  it  renders  are  trivial  by comparison with the moral effect it produces. Its true function, the real need to which it corresponds, is that feeling of solidarity in two or more persons which it creates” (Jones 1986).4In general, structural functionalistspositthat ifstructures  and  institutions  are  to  survive,  they  must promotesocial  solidarity,  or,  once  solidarity  is  achieved, homeostasis(system  stability). As Radcliffe-Brownargued, “[t]he  function  of  any  recurrent  activity, such  as  the punishment  of  a  crime,  or  a  funeral  ceremony,  is  the  part  it  playsin  the  social  life  as  a  whole  and  therefore  the contribution  it  makes  to  the  maintenance  of  structural  continuity”  (1935:  396).An  examination  of  Almond  and Verba’s The Civic Culture revealsremarkable continuity with the foregoing scholarly tradition.Almond and Verba(1963)’s Structural Functionalist Theory of Political CultureWhere  Durkheim  perceived  a  threat  to  social  unity  in  the  industrial  revolution,  Almond  and  Verba  perceive  a similar  threat in  theregimechanges ofthe second  wave  of  democratization andthe  military threats  ofthe  Cold War:“How can these subtleties and these humane etiquettes[of stable democracies]survive even among ourselves in a world caught in the grip of a science and technology run wild, destructive of tradition and of community and possibly of life itself?” . The Civic Culturerepresentstheir search for a plausible answer.I. Building Blocks –Orientation and Political ObjectsThe  building  blocks  of  Almond  and  Verba’s  structural  functionalist  theory area  set  of individual orientationslinked to political objects. Orientation can take three forms: cognitive orientation(“knowledge of and belief about the political system, its roles  and  the  incumbents  of  these  roles,  its  inputs,  and  its  outputs”),  affective orientation(“feelings  about  the political system, its roles, personnel, and performance”), and  evaluational orientation(“judgments and opinions