Question

Which of the following stage
represent the committed stage
during erythropoiesis?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Normal erythropoiesis results in the generation of sufficient numbers of fully functional mature red blood cells to replace senescent ones. To achieve this goal, a host of growth factors and the element iron are necessary ingredients that are used by erythroid precursor cells for effective erythropoiesis. Erythropoietin (EPO) is the key hormone responsible for effective erythropoiesis, and iron is the essential mineral required for hemoglobin production. EPO allows survival and proliferation of erythroid precursor cells by generating intracellular signals resulting in the prevention of apoptosis. Iron availability is highly regulated to ensure an adequate supply for the production of hemoglobin required during erythropoiesis. Iron itself regulates globin synthesis at both the transcriptional and translational levels. New insights about the interplay between hepcidin, iron availability, and erythropoiesis have modified our understanding of hemoglobin synthesis. Newly discovered erythroid hormone erythroferrone, iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and HIF2α in the IRP1–HIF2α axis, and aconitase appear to play important roles in regulating erythropoiesis. Novel therapeutic agents that influence iron and erythropoietic regulation are now under development.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' meaning "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), which is the development from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell.[2]

It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin.[3] This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes).[3] In postnatal birds and mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow.[3] In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver.[4] After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Increased level of physical activity can cause an increase in erythropoiesis.[5] However, in humans with certain diseases and in some animals, erythropoiesis also occurs outside the bone marrow, within the spleen or liver. This is termed extramedullary erythropoiesis.

The bone marrow of essentially all the bones produces red blood cells until a person is around five years old. The tibia and femur cease to be important sites of hematopoiesis by about age 25; the vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and ribs, and cranial bones continue to produce red blood cells throughout life. Up to the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from red bone marrow of all the bones (long bones and all the flat bones). After the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from membranous bones such as vertebrae, the sternum, ribs, scapulas, and the iliac bones. After 20 years of age, the shaft of the long bones becomes yellow bone marrow because of fat deposition and loses the erythropoietic function.

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