which of the following statements is true about involuntary breathing .
a)it is controlled by the bronchioles.
b)it is controlled by the
pulmonary arterioles.
c)it is controlled by the alveolar-capillary network.
d)it is controlled by the neurons, located in the medulla and pons.
Answers
The correct answer is option d.
Involuntary actions mean those actions which are not under our control.
Breathing is something which is supposed to be carried out even when we are sleeping.
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are controlled by the neurons, present in the medulla and pons.
Medulla and pons are part of the hindbrain.
The respiratory rhythm center is located in the medulla oblongata.
Option d is correct
d)it is controlled by the neurons, located in the medulla and pons.
Explanation :
The subconscious regulates involuntary breathing. The major breathing muscles, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, are activated by clusters of neurons in the pons and medulla. The respiratory control center is made up of these neurons.
Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that regulates arousal, plasticity, and reward in the brain. Several populations of cholinergic neurons can be found in the pons and medulla oblongata. Motor neurons that control face expression and eye movements are among them. The pons also contains cholinergic projection neurons that innervate other regions of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain.