Question

Which of these reasons are causes for the Stokes effect in Raman Scattering and/or Luminescence?

Answer 1

Raman scattering and luminescence are almost the same thing, the distinction being whether or not the system dephases during the process. This could happen, for example, by a collision. In the case of Raman scattering we take the point of view that the photon is never absorbed. In the case of luminescence, we suppose that the photon is absorbed. A subtle difference.

Case 1 describes Raman scattering, as the destruction of the photon, creation of the new photon, and creation of the phonon occur simultaneously.

2.I don't know what an "S energy state" is, but it appears that the wording could describe both Raman and luminescence.
I don't understand this one. How can a nucleus have a vibrational state? And if it does, and it goes from a higher vibrational state to a lower one, then it seems like the process is anti-Stokes scattering.
3.Like 1., this one is vague about the intermediate state, so it could apply to either Raman or luminescence.
4.More likely to be Raman than luminescence, because there is an implication that nothing interferes with the system while it's in the intermediate state. However, it could also apply to luminescence.
5..All of these statements are probably correct as far as they go. Hard to say what the author of the statements had in mind. But they are all short metaphors for the process, which we can accurately describe only with mathematics. There's no way to "understand" what is going on. The same is true for all quantum mechanical phenomena..


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Answer 2

Raman scattering arises from molecular vibration causing a change in polarizability. This means that intense Raman scattering occurs from symmetric vibrations which induce a large distortion of the electron cloud around the molecule.