Question

which one of the following biochemical compound is associated with the immune properties of an indiviusual? a.hormone b.gene c.enzyme d.antigen​

Answer 1

Answer:

Components of the innate immune system

The innate immune system includes physical and anatomical barriers as well as effector cells, antimicrobial peptides, soluble mediators, and cell receptors (Table 1). Skin and mucosa provide an effective immune barrier between the internal and external environment. Skin acts as not only a physical barrier but also a chemical shield. The most external layer of epidermis mainly consists of keratinocytes, which are tightly linked by desmosomes and embedded in a layer of extracellular matrix proteins. Keratinocytes not only act as a physical barrier but also express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and are capable of producing cytokines and antimicrobial peptides that, in turn, induce an inflammatory cascade and microbial destruction respectively (6,7). Furthermore, sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles produce large amounts of fatty acids which create an acidic environment that is hostile to microorganisms. Mucous membranes in the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts have a continuous epithelium that prevents microorganisms from entering the host. In addition, these epithelial cells produce antimicrobial peptides such as defensins. The production of defensins is also enhanced by the action of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) which are produced by macrophages and other immune cells in response to invading pathogens..

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