which provisions of Indian constitution make India a full-fledged federation explain
Answers
a. We have a federal system where there are two or more levels of government where power is divided between the centre and the state by the written constitution.
b. The powers are divided between the centre and the state, there is a union list on which centre can legislate, there is a state list on which state can make laws and then concurrent list where both the centre and the states can make laws.Union list contains subjects of national importance on which the centre can legislate. the list , contains more subjects and important subjects like defence, foreign affairs, railways. There are 97 subjects in the Union list.State list includes 66 subjects like police, trade, irrigation on which state can legislate.Concurrent list includes subjects like education, forest, marriage on which both centre and state can legislate and in case of any conflict it is the centre’s law that prevails.
Apart from the above subjects there is a residuary powers which includes subjects not mentioned in either of the lists like cyber security . These powers are vested with the Union government.
c. We have a rigid constitution, where some provisions of the constitution requires ratification of half of the state legislatures to be amended.
d. We have a Bicameral legislature that is the Union Parliament consists of two house one representing the country and the other representing the interests of constituent states.
e. Independent Judiciary to decide the cases between the centre and the states , between states and has the power to interpret the constitution.