Which river makes ravines ? how soil can be conserved?
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UNESCO – EOLSS
SAMPLE CHAPTERS
NATURAL DISASTERS – Vol II - Floods and Soil Erosion - A.F. Mandych
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
FLOODS AND SOIL EROSION
A.F. Mandych
Department of Physical Geography and Land Use, Institute of Geography, Moscow,
Russia
Keywords: arroyo, erosion, flood, gully, ravine, rill, sheet erosion.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Water Erosion
3. Watershed Erosion
3.1. Uniform Slope Site Erosion
3.2. Slope Erosion
3.3. Gully Erosion
4. Fluvial Systems
4.1. Factors of Fluvial System Origination and Development
4.2. Processes in River Channels
4.3. Floods, Erosion, and Sediment Load
4.4. Extreme Flood Erosion
Glossary
Bibliography
Biographical Sketch
Summary
Water erosion is a part of the complex denudation of the earth’s surface. It is a phase in
the weathering of rocks by running water, removing eroded material, and accumulating
it in a new place. The basic feature of the erosion–transportation–accumulation process
is the pronounced spatial and temporal organization in the hierarchy of hydro-
geomorphologic systems. The trend toward the dynamic equilibrium between
topography, soil, rocks, and hydraulic parameters of surface running water—self-
regulation operating under natural laws—are characteristic features of such systems,
ranging from a rill network on an elementary slope to the fluvial system of a large river
basin. Running water works as a sculptor to transform the earth’s surface. Water-formed
rills, trenches, gullies, ravines, valleys of small and large rivers, and peculiarly
meandering networks of river channels, greatly change and often determine the structure
of the earth’s landscapes. Rain and meltwater floods, while acting for a comparatively
short time, much disturb the normal functioning of hydro-geomorphologic systems at
any scale. This kind of erosion and the amount of transported loose material are greater
by orders of magnitude than the erosion done by water flows at moderate or low flows.
This is why the annual sediment load of most rivers predominantly occurs over a short
period, such as two to three months, or even ten to twenty days. The high irregularity of
run-off with time has an influence on the temporal variation of erosion intensity. This
can be considered irregularly pulsative. It manifests itself in all temporal scales, ranging
from an erosion event caused by a single rainstorm to seasonal, yearly, or geological
timescales.
SAMPLE CHAPTERS
NATURAL DISASTERS – Vol II - Floods and Soil Erosion - A.F. Mandych
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
FLOODS AND SOIL EROSION
A.F. Mandych
Department of Physical Geography and Land Use, Institute of Geography, Moscow,
Russia
Keywords: arroyo, erosion, flood, gully, ravine, rill, sheet erosion.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Water Erosion
3. Watershed Erosion
3.1. Uniform Slope Site Erosion
3.2. Slope Erosion
3.3. Gully Erosion
4. Fluvial Systems
4.1. Factors of Fluvial System Origination and Development
4.2. Processes in River Channels
4.3. Floods, Erosion, and Sediment Load
4.4. Extreme Flood Erosion
Glossary
Bibliography
Biographical Sketch
Summary
Water erosion is a part of the complex denudation of the earth’s surface. It is a phase in
the weathering of rocks by running water, removing eroded material, and accumulating
it in a new place. The basic feature of the erosion–transportation–accumulation process
is the pronounced spatial and temporal organization in the hierarchy of hydro-
geomorphologic systems. The trend toward the dynamic equilibrium between
topography, soil, rocks, and hydraulic parameters of surface running water—self-
regulation operating under natural laws—are characteristic features of such systems,
ranging from a rill network on an elementary slope to the fluvial system of a large river
basin. Running water works as a sculptor to transform the earth’s surface. Water-formed
rills, trenches, gullies, ravines, valleys of small and large rivers, and peculiarly
meandering networks of river channels, greatly change and often determine the structure
of the earth’s landscapes. Rain and meltwater floods, while acting for a comparatively
short time, much disturb the normal functioning of hydro-geomorphologic systems at
any scale. This kind of erosion and the amount of transported loose material are greater
by orders of magnitude than the erosion done by water flows at moderate or low flows.
This is why the annual sediment load of most rivers predominantly occurs over a short
period, such as two to three months, or even ten to twenty days. The high irregularity of
run-off with time has an influence on the temporal variation of erosion intensity. This
can be considered irregularly pulsative. It manifests itself in all temporal scales, ranging
from an erosion event caused by a single rainstorm to seasonal, yearly, or geological
timescales.
Senthilkumarst:
Its okay if you did not mark me as branliest cause i copy pasted the whole thing
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