Question

Who did Mahmud of Ghatni swear allegiance to for political reasons though he was an
independent ruler?

Answer 1

Answer:

Although he was an independent ruler, for political reasons Maḥmūd gave nominal allegiance to the ʿAbbāsid caliph in Baghdad. The caliph, in return, recognized Maḥmūd as the legitimate ruler of the lands he occupied and encouraged him in his conquests.

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