Who introduced participant and non participant observation to social researxh?
Answers
Participant Observation:
The participant observation means watching the events or situation or activities from inside by taking part in the group to be observed. He freely interacts with the other group members, participates in various activities of the group, acquires the way of life of the observed group or his own, and studies their behaviour or other activities not as an outsider but by becoming a member of that group.
Goode and Hatt define participant observation as “the procedure used when the investigator can go disguise himself as to be accepted as a member of the group”. So in this kind of observation the observer has to stay as a member in the group he wants to study.
According to P.V. Young, “the participant observer using non-controlled observation, generally lives or otherwise shares in the life of the group which he is studying”.
Some of the examples of studies using the method of participant observation are: W.F. White’s study of Cornville social and Athletic Club and P.V. Young’s study of Molokan people. The famous studies of Margaret Mead on primitive societies were also based on participant observation.
For the success of participant observation it is essential that the respondents being studied should not have any doubt about the intention of the research worker. A fruitful result of participant observation is very much dependent upon the resourcefulness, tactfulness, personality manners and wit of the research worker.
Answer:
Explanation:
This research method was pioneered by anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski and Franz Boas but was adopted as a primary research method by many sociologists affiliated with the Chicago School of Sociology in the early twentieth century.
Participant:
When Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) challenged the established paradigm of researchers conducting their studies from the veranda of a missionary station, taking accounts from people rather than observing situations firsthand, participant observation was first applied to anthropology at the beginning of the twentieth century (Wax and Cassell 1979). He urged his coworkers to use participant observation to undertake fieldwork on the ground. Malinowski (1922, 1935, 1948) employed this method in his research on the Trobriand Islands in order to "understand the native's point of view, his relation to existence, and actualize his picture of his universe" (Malinowski 1922, p. 25, emphasis in original). Participant observation entailed a one- or two-year field trip while working in the target community's native tongue.
Non participant:
Non-participant observation a research method in which the researcher observes the subjects of the study while they are aware of it and without actively participating in the circumstance that is being studied. This method is occasionally questioned on the grounds that people may behave differently simply because they are being watched, invalidating the data collected, as in the well-known case of the so-called Hawthorne effect. To get around this, scientists typically keep track of several closely related events across time. Although video recorders can now be utilised for non-participant observation, this may also change—indeed, it almost surely will change—the behaviour of the research subjects.
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