Question

who is
Carles Robert Doulin​

Answer 1

Answer:

Professor Doolin is pretty cool. He has a sense of humor and is pretty understanding. He's an adjunct professor and our class was in the evening so he almost always let us go early. He does lecture a lot. There are two papers that are due at the same time but they are pretty simple.

Answer 2

Answer:

DUOLIN Inhaler Is a combination of ipratropium bromide and levosalbutamol tartarate.

Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agent, which inhibits vagally-mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released from the vagus nerve.

Levosalbutamol tartarate is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic agonist, whose activation leads to an increase in intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which catalyses the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3', 5'- adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Levosalbutamol

Activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on airways smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cAMP. The increase in cAMP is associated with the activation of protein kinase A, which in turn, inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin and lowers intracellular ionic calcium concentrations, resulting in muscle relaxation.

Levosalbutamol relaxes the smooth muscles of all airways, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Increased cAMP concentrations are also associated with the inhibition of the release of mediators from mast cells in the airways. Levosalbutamol acts as a functional antagonist to relax the airways, irrespective of the spasmogen involved, thus protecting against all bronchoconstrictor challenges. While it is recognized that beta2-adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, data indicate that there are beta-receptors in the human heart, 10-50% of which are beta2-adrenergic receptors. The precise function of these receptors has not been established.

However, all beta-adrenergic agonist drugs can produce significant cardiovascular effects in some patients, as measured by pulse rate, blood pressure, symptoms, and/or electrocardiographic changes.

Ipratropium Bromide

Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agent, which appears to inhibit vagally-mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released at neuromuscular junctions in the lungs. Anticholinergics prevent increases in intracellular concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are caused by interaction of acetylcholine with the muscarinic receptor on bronchial smooth muscle.

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