who is Robert hooke ??
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Robert Hooke FRS (/
hʊk
/; 18 July 1635 [N.S. 28 July] – 3 March 1703 [N.S. 14 March][2]) was an English polymath active as a scientist and architect, who, using a microscope, was the first to visualize a micro-organism.[3] An impoverished scientific inquirer in young adulthood, he found wealth and esteem by performing over half of the architectural surveys after London's great fire of 1666. Hooke was also a member of the Royal Society and since 1662 was its curator of experiments. Hooke was also Professor of Geometry at Gresham College.
Robert Hooke
FRS
c. 1680 portrait by Mary Beale conjectured to be Hooke[1]
Born 18 July 1635 [N.S. 28 July]
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, England
Died 3 March 1703 (aged 67) [N.S. 14 March]
London, England
Resting place St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate
Nationality English
Alma mater Wadham College, Oxford
Known for Hooke's law
Microscopy
Coining the term 'cell'
Scientific career
Fields Physics and Biology
Institutions University of Oxford
Academic advisors Robert Boyle
Influences Richard Busby
Signature
As an assistant to physical scientist Robert Boyle, Hooke built the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's experiments on gas law, and himself conducted experiments. In 1673, Hooke built the earliest Gregorian telescope, and then he observed the rotations of the planets Mars and Jupiter. Hooke's 1665 book Micrographia spurred microscopic investigations.[3] Thus observing microscopic fossils, Hooke endorsed biological evolution.[4][5] Investigating in optics, specifically light refraction, he inferred a wave theory of light. And his is the first recorded hypothesis of heat expanding matter, air's composition by small particles at larger distances, and heat as energy.
In physics, he approximated experimental confirmation that gravity heeds an inverse square law, and first hypothesised such a relation in planetary motion, too, a principle furthered and formalised by Isaac Newton in Newton's law of universal gravitation.[6] Priority over this insight contributed to the rivalry between Hooke and Newton, who thus antagonized Hooke's legacy. In geology and paleontology, Hooke originated the theory of a terraqueous globe, disputed the literally Biblical view of the Earth's age, hypothesised the extinction of organism species, and argued that fossils atop hills and mountains had become elevated by geological processes.[7] Hooke's pioneering work in land surveying and in mapmaking aided development of the first modern plan-form map, although his grid-system plan for London was rejected in favour of rebuilding along existing routes. Even so, Hooke was key in devising for London a set of planning controls that remain influential. In recent times, he has been called "England's Leonardo".[8]
Life and works
Hooke's microscope, from an engraving in Micrographia
Early life
Much of what is known of Hooke's early life comes from an autobiography that he commenced in 1696 but never completed. Richard Waller mentions it in his introduction to The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. S.R.S., printed in 1705. The work of Waller, along with John Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors (with a list of his major works)[9] and John Aubrey's Brief Lives, form the major near-contemporaneous biographical accounts of Hooke.
Robert Hooke was born in 1635 in Freshwater on the Isle of Wight to Cecily Gyles and John Hooke, an Anglican priest, the curate of Freshwater's Church of All Saints.[10] Father John Hooke's two brothers, Robert's paternal uncles, were also ministers. A royalist, John Hooke likely was among a group that went to pay respects to Charles I as he escaped to the Isle of Wight. Expected to join the church, Robert, too, would become a staunch monarchist. Robert was the youngest, by seven years, of four siblings, two boys and two girls.[11] Their father led a local school as well, yet at least partly homeschooled Robert, frail in health. The young Robert Hooke was fascinated by observation, mechanical works, and drawing. He dismantled a brass clock and built a wooden replica that reportedly worked "well enough". He made his own drawing materials from coal, chalk, and ruddle (iron ore).[12]
On his father's death in 1648, Robert inherited 40 pounds.[13][a] He took this to London with the aim of beginning an apprenticeship, and studied briefly with Samuel Cowper and Peter Lely, but was persuaded instead to enter Westminster School by its headmaster Dr. Richard Busby. Hooke quickly mastered Latin and Greek,[13] mastered Euclid's Elements,[13] learned to play the organ,[citation needed] and began his lifelong study of mechanics.[citation needed]
Oxford
Robert Hooke FRS was an English polymath active as a scientist and architect, who, using a microscope, was the first to visualize a micro-organism.
