who is the peasant farmers do for the British and mughal
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Under the Mughals, surplus produce was the land revenue, in some cases it was a tax on the crop which was the main source of state's income. While, British regarded the land revenue as rent of the soil.
King was the owner of the land in Mughal reign, under British ownership was with Zamindars according to permanent settlement and with peasants under Ryotwari system.
While Mughals wanted Land revenue to be paid in return for protection and justice while it was for the profit in case of British.
The process of land revenue collection under Mughals had two stages:
(a) Assessment (tashkhis)
(b) Actual collection (hasil).
Assessment was made to fix the state demand. On the basis of this demand, actual collection was done separately for different types of crops. Like Kharif and Rabi Crops.
Post the assessment, the amount or the rate of the revenue demand was mentioned. And the farmer was supposed to give qabooliyat i.e. 'the "acceptance" of the obligation imposed upon him, stating when and how he would make the payments'.
For the assessments the king used to employ several people to watch so that the peasants didn't cheat and sold it to someone else and showed lesser crop to escape the revenue.
Thus the risk of crop failure was mitigated and shared, and it was made sure peasant had subsistent level for his sustenance. While, under the British, the land revenue was fixed, irrespective of the season, famine, failure etc.
Revenue farming
During the later stages of Mughals i.e., during their declining days, the Ijara system or revenue farming was introduced to boost up the state's revenue in Bengal in the reign of Farrukhsiyar (1713-19)
Under this system, when peasant did not have resources available for cultivation or due to some calamity cultivation could not be done, the lands were farmed out on ijara to a third party called revenue farmers. The revenue officials or their relatives were not supposed to take land on ijara . It was expected that revenue farmers would not extract more than the stipulated land revenue from the peasants. The revenue farmer paid the Government nine-tenth of the whole collection and kept the rest as his collection charges.
However, in the later period, the right of collecting land revenue for a district was sold by public auction to the highest bidders, a new class called jagirdars emerged. Sometimes jagirdars sub-assigned part of their Jagirs to his subordinate/troopers. Due to this, the exploitation of the cultivators started. The revenue farmers became more dominant. This revenue farming system which started during the Mughal rule in Bengal was soon extended to other parts of the country.
This system with some modifications was introduced towards the end of 18th century by British.
RELIEF MEASURES
Under the Mughals there was some provision for relief in the care of bad harvests. While, no such relief was provided to the peasant in times of famines under British rule.
Support from State.
Loans were granted to enable the peasants to buy seeds and cattle so that they could improve their cultivation (Taqvi) to cultivators who were in distressed circumstances and did not have seeds or cattle. These loans were interest-free, normally to be repaid at the time of harvest.
While British didn't provide any such facility.
New wells were dug up and old ones were repaired for extension and improvement of cultivation.
Revenue Collection:
The revenue collectors under Mughals were paid a fixed % of revenue, while under British, there was no limit applied to Zamindars to collect revenue, while the amount Zamindars had to pay British was fixed,which led to exploitation of peasants.
Note: Though the answer shows Mughal rule in a positive sense, yet there were atrocities against the peasants and general public under them as well, some jagirdars exploited peasants by collecting the advance revenue, and there was another system of taxation prevalent, one of it was jizya, religious tax to be paid by non-muslims. Some Mughals rulers were tolerant towards this, some weren't. They are all undermined in the answer only to highlight the heinousness of the British.
King was the owner of the land in Mughal reign, under British ownership was with Zamindars according to permanent settlement and with peasants under Ryotwari system.
While Mughals wanted Land revenue to be paid in return for protection and justice while it was for the profit in case of British.
The process of land revenue collection under Mughals had two stages:
(a) Assessment (tashkhis)
(b) Actual collection (hasil).
Assessment was made to fix the state demand. On the basis of this demand, actual collection was done separately for different types of crops. Like Kharif and Rabi Crops.
Post the assessment, the amount or the rate of the revenue demand was mentioned. And the farmer was supposed to give qabooliyat i.e. 'the "acceptance" of the obligation imposed upon him, stating when and how he would make the payments'.
For the assessments the king used to employ several people to watch so that the peasants didn't cheat and sold it to someone else and showed lesser crop to escape the revenue.
Thus the risk of crop failure was mitigated and shared, and it was made sure peasant had subsistent level for his sustenance. While, under the British, the land revenue was fixed, irrespective of the season, famine, failure etc.
Revenue farming
During the later stages of Mughals i.e., during their declining days, the Ijara system or revenue farming was introduced to boost up the state's revenue in Bengal in the reign of Farrukhsiyar (1713-19)
Under this system, when peasant did not have resources available for cultivation or due to some calamity cultivation could not be done, the lands were farmed out on ijara to a third party called revenue farmers. The revenue officials or their relatives were not supposed to take land on ijara . It was expected that revenue farmers would not extract more than the stipulated land revenue from the peasants. The revenue farmer paid the Government nine-tenth of the whole collection and kept the rest as his collection charges.
However, in the later period, the right of collecting land revenue for a district was sold by public auction to the highest bidders, a new class called jagirdars emerged. Sometimes jagirdars sub-assigned part of their Jagirs to his subordinate/troopers. Due to this, the exploitation of the cultivators started. The revenue farmers became more dominant. This revenue farming system which started during the Mughal rule in Bengal was soon extended to other parts of the country.
This system with some modifications was introduced towards the end of 18th century by British.
RELIEF MEASURES
Under the Mughals there was some provision for relief in the care of bad harvests. While, no such relief was provided to the peasant in times of famines under British rule.
Support from State.
Loans were granted to enable the peasants to buy seeds and cattle so that they could improve their cultivation (Taqvi) to cultivators who were in distressed circumstances and did not have seeds or cattle. These loans were interest-free, normally to be repaid at the time of harvest.
While British didn't provide any such facility.
New wells were dug up and old ones were repaired for extension and improvement of cultivation.
Revenue Collection:
The revenue collectors under Mughals were paid a fixed % of revenue, while under British, there was no limit applied to Zamindars to collect revenue, while the amount Zamindars had to pay British was fixed,which led to exploitation of peasants.
Note: Though the answer shows Mughal rule in a positive sense, yet there were atrocities against the peasants and general public under them as well, some jagirdars exploited peasants by collecting the advance revenue, and there was another system of taxation prevalent, one of it was jizya, religious tax to be paid by non-muslims. Some Mughals rulers were tolerant towards this, some weren't. They are all undermined in the answer only to highlight the heinousness of the British.
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