Question

Who opposed the idea of privileges by birth and why?​

Answer 1

Answer:

the members of the first two estates,that is , the clergy and the nobility, opposed the certain privileges by birth. The most , important of these was exemption from paying taxes to the state.

Answer 2

A new middle class that emerged during the 18the century in France

Explanation:

• In the 18th century , French society was divided into the Clergy, Nobility and Third Lands. The clergy and the nobility were given certain privileges by their birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprised of merchants, businessmen, artisans, Peasants labours, who had to pay taxes to the state.
• During the eighteenth century a new middle class who was educated and wealthy had emerged. They believed there would be no birth rights pr privileges for either category in society. In the 18th century social classes arose, known as the middle class, who had earned their wealth by growing their overseas trade and from the production of goods such as silk and woolen textiles  developed  which were either exported or purchased by the wealthy members of communities.
• Other than merchants and manufacturers, occupations like attorneys or administrative officials were included in the third estate. All these were educated and thought no birth-privileged group in society was supposed to be there. The social status of a citizen will, instead, be based on his/her merit. Such ideas envisage a free and equitable society.