Question

Who were of the opinion that in the south there were no traditional Zamindars?

Answer 1

Answer:

A zamindar, in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous ruler of a state who accepted the suzerainty of the Emperor of Hindustan. The term means land owner in Persian. Typically hereditary, zamindars held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, with the advent of British imperialism, many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as Maharaja (Great King), Raja/ Rai (King) and Nawab.

During the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs and their ancestral domains were treated as jagirs. Under British colonial rule in India, the permanent settlement consolidated what became known as the zamindari system. The British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognising them as princes. Many of the region's princely states were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. However, the British also reduced the land holdings of many pre-colonial princely states and chieftaincy, demoting their status to a zamindar from previously higher ranks of nobility.

The system was abolished during land reforms in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) in 1950, India in 1951 and West Pakistan in 1959.

The zamindars often played an important role in the regional histories of the subcontinent. One of the most notable examples is the 16th century confederation formed by twelve zamindars in the Bhati region (Baro-Bhuyans), which, according to the Jesuits and Ralph Fitch, earned a reputation for successively repelling Mughal invasions through naval battles. The confederation was led by a zamindar-king, Isa Khan, and included both Muslims and Hindus, such as Pratapaditya. The zamindars were also patrons of the arts. The Tagore family produced India's first Nobel laureate in literature in 1913, Rabindranath Tagore, who was often based at his estate. The zamindars also promoted neoclassical and Indo-Saracenic architecture.

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Explanation:

Answer 2

Thomas Munro,  "East India Company Army" officer & governor of "Madras Presidency",  & Captain Alexander Read (Munro's  lieutenant) were of the opinion that  in the south there were no traditional Zamindars

Explanation:

• The "Munro system" was also known as the "Ryotwari system".  Thomas Munro introduced the Ryotwari system, a "land revenue" system in British India. Captain Alexander Read tried it first on a small scale in certain areas that had been taken over after Tipu Sultan 's defeat. Thomas Munro later developed this system. This system , then, hads been implemented gradually throughout South India.
• Read & Munro had felt that no traditional zamindars were found in the south. They claimed that the settlement needed to take place directly with the farmers (ryots), who had worked in the land for centuries. Before carrying out the revenue assessment, their fields would have to be carefully and separately examined. Munro considered that the British were supposed to act as the paternal father who protected the riots.