Who where cholas. explain
Answers
Answer:
cholas is a dyansty
Explanation:
after pandyas they were ruler of india
☯The Cholas
The most powerful empire in southern India, the Cholas arose in the 9th century CE. The founder of the medieval Chola empire was Vijayalaya who was initially a vassal of the Pallavas. The glory of the Chola dynasty is largely attributed to Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra I Chola.
★Rajaraja Chola (c. 985-1014 CE )
Rajaraja Chola initiated the policy of war and conquest by defeating the Cheras and the Pandyas. He invaded Sr Lanka, annexing its northern part to his empire. He put Into place an efficient administration and army. One of his naval exploits was the conquest of the Maldives. He also Annexed the north western parts of the Ganga kingdom in north western Karnataka and overran the Veng.
★Rajendra I Chola (c. 1014-1044 CE)
Rajaraja Chola was succeeded by his son. Rajendra I, who further carried on his father's expansionist policies He completely brought the Chera and Pandya territories under the control of the Chola dynasty and completed the oP conquest of Sri Lanka. He crossed the Ganges and marched across Kalinga to Bengal, defeating the local rulers. To commemorate his victory. Rajendra I assumed the title of Gangalkondachola or the Chola conqueror of Ganga. He built a new capital called Gangaikondacholapuram.
Rajendra I also defeated the ruler of the Sri Vijaya Empire which extended over the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java and neighbouring islands and controlled the overseas trade route with China. The Cholas led an expedition which resulted in the conquest of Kadaram (or Kedah) and the Malay peninsula and Sumatra. Hence, the Chola navy emerged as the strongest in the Bay of Bengal region.
★Chola Administration
The Cholas had a highly organised administrative structure headed by the king and a council of ministers to aid and advise him. They maintained a large army comprising cavalry, infantry, elephants and a strong navy
- The empire was divided into mandalams or provinces.
- Each province was divided into smaller divisions called valanadu.
- Each valanadu was made up of smaller poups of villages, called nadu. At times, princes were appointed as the governors of mandapams. Officials were usually paid by giving them assignments of revenue bearing lands.
★Village Administration
The Cholas had a well-developed system of local self-government. There were two main bodies at the Village level.
- The ur was a general assembly of the village
- The sabha or the mahasabha was a gathering of the adult men in the brahmana villages known as the agraharas.
The sabha also helped the king in measuring the land under cultivation, calculating the tax and collecting the revenue. People had the liberty to pay the tax in kind and cash. Settlement of disputes relating to land, water and irrigation, maintenance of roads, temples and water tanks were under the purview of the sabha.
★Economy
The Cholas encouraged trade and commerce. The Coromandal and Malabar coasts were centres of India's trade with South East Asia. An elaborate land survey was carried out to fix the government's share of land revenue. The Income of the kingdom came from tolls on trade and professional taxes
★Temples
The resources and extent of the empire of the Chola dynasty enabled the rulers to build great capitals and temples. After building the temple, the ruler would give the temple a grant of a few villages. The revenue from these villages was given to the temple. These females abo provided work to artisans, metalworkers, mnesia and dancers. Each temple was a centre of economy well as culture and religion.
★Chola Inscriptions
Our main sources of information on the Chola dynasty are the inscriptions of the period. The copper plate inscriptions consist of copper plates joined together with a ring They contain details of land grants, conquests and important events. Apart from these, many inscriptions were found on the walls of temples, The Inscriptions shed light on the socio economic life of the medieval period.
The inscriptions about land grants began with a prayer to the gods of the dynasty followed by an edict of the king Thereafter, the royal donor and his ancestors were listed.
There were different types of land grants.
- Brahmadeya grants were lands given to Brahmanas.
- Vellamaal grants were lands given to non-brahmana peasants.
- Shalabhoga grants were lands given for the maintenance of schools.
- Devadana grants were given to temples.