Why did Chinese officials consider European traders to be smugglers?
A. Chinese officials were wary of all foreigners.
B. European traders brought forbidden items into China.
C. European traders entered China without permission.
D. European traders refused to pay tribute.
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D. European traders refused to pay tribute.
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Option D, European traders refused to pay tribute, is the right answer.
European naval nation Portugal reached China first in the year 1517. Portugal adopted the policy of friendly relations with China, while China viewed the arrival of the Portuguese within their diplomatic traditions. They registered the Portuguese as having paid tribute. Tribute was related to trade because it was considered that those who pay tributes would not attack them. But the Portuguese refused to pay any tribute to the Ming. Therefore, when the Europeans declined to pay tribute further the Chinese called them smugglers.
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