why did mahalwari and ryotwari system prove to be failure
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The taxes were directly collected by the government from the peasants.
The rates were 50% in dryland and 60% in the wetland.
The rates were high and unlike the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.
Due to the very high taxes, farmers resorted to growing cash crops instead of food crops. This led to food insecurity and even famines.
Taxes on agricultural produce were moderate during pre-British times. The British made it very high.
Insistence on cash payment of revenue led to more indebtedness among farmers. Moneylenders became landowners in due course.
Bonded labour arose because loans were given to farmers/labourers who could not pay it back.
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