Why did the moderates failed to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century?
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The ‘Moderates’ failed to carry conviction of the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century because :-
♦ The political education of masses started by the early moderates had increased awareness. People could understand how the drain of wealth was done to advance British imperial interests. The Grand Durbar of Delhi in 1903 amidst the unprecedented famine made clear what the British priorities were.
♦ Social awakening through religious reforms too enlightened the masses. Swami Vivekananda said, “Weakness was a sin”. Swami Dayananda Saraswati declared Swaraj as the best form of government.
♦ Moreover, the defeat of Italy by Ethiopia in 1896 and Russia by Japan in 1905 had shattered the myth of European supremacy.
♦ Charismatic and visionary leaders such as Bipan Chandra Pal and Arobindo Ghosh of Bengal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra and Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab appealed and captivated the masses.
♦ A new stream of ‘extremist’ ideology comprising passive resistance and direct action with the goal of attaining complete independence (Swaraj) appealed to the masses.