Question

why do different components of white light deviate through different angles when passing through a triangular glass prism​?

Answer 1

The colours in a spectrum have different wavelengths with red being the longest and blue the shortest.

While passing through a prism, red light bends the least and blue bends the most followed by green, yellow and orange uptill red.

Thus they deviate through different angles.

Answer 2

Different colours in a spectrum have different wave lengths. We know:

$angle \: of \: deviation = \frac{1}{wave \: ength}$

when white light is passed to a prism each colour deviates according to its wave length
Red is the least deviated as it has the highest wavelength
and violet is the most deviated colour.