Why Indus Valley Civilisation is also called Harappan Culture?
5. Discuss the discovery of Indus Valley Civilisation,
6.
Who was John Marshall?
7. Write the uses of Seals and Sealing on Indus people.
8. What do you know about the rulers of Indus Valley Civilisation?
9. Discuss the Town Planning of Harappan Culture.
10. What do you mean by Citadel?
11. Write a short note on Great Bath.
12. What do you know about the religious practices of Indus Valley Peopl.
13. How will you probe that the Indus people had a contact with the peopl
14. What you know about the pictographic script of Indus People?
15. Discuss the decline of Indus Valley Civilisation.
Answers
Answer:
1) Indus Valley Civilization is called Harrapan Civilizatiin because Harappa was the first site to be discovered.
2) It was disovered by Sir John Hubert Marshall whi led an excavation campaign in 1921-1922, during which he discovered the ruins of the city of Harappa. By 1931, the Mohenjo-daro site had been mostly excavated by Marshall and Sir Mortimer Wheeler. By 1999, over 1,056 cities and settlements of the Indus Civilization were located.
3) Seals were used by the Harappans to communicate, stamp their goods, trade, etc.
4)The raised area of each city was called a Citadel. it contained houses of ruling class.
5)The town followed a grid pattern, divided by streets and lanes, running from north to south or east to west.
6)The great bath was the largest public structure in Mohenjodaro. It was made of burnt bricks, lined with bitumen and gypsum.
7) People worshipped Shiva or Pashupati. They worshipped forces of nature and also animals like rhino and elephant.
8)The no. of sings of pictographic script ranged between 375-400 and had signs of brids, animals and variety of human forms.
9)Reasons: foreign attack, flooding, deforestation, drying up of river
Indus Valley Civilization which is also referred as Harappan civilization is of the largest cities of its time.This civilization was discovered in 1920 - 22 with the excavation of two of its most important sites i.e , Harappa on the banks of the river Ravi and Mohenjodaro on the banks of the Indus. The Indus Valley civilization is called the Harappan civilization because Harappa was the first site where the unique archaeological evidences of the civilization were discovered.
5. In 1912, Harappan seals with then unknown symbols were discovered by J. Fleet, which triggered an excavation campaign under Sir John Marshall in 1921/22, resulting in the discovery of a hitherto unknown civilization by Dayaram Sahni
6. John Marshall was an American politician and lawyer who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835.
7. Seals were used to make a sealing, or positive imprint, like this modern resin one made from the original seal. Sealings were used in ancient times for trade. They would be made on ceramics or the clay tags used to seal the rope around bundles of goods.
8. The second theory posits that there was no single ruler, but a number of them representing each of the urban centers, including Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and other communities. Finally, experts have theorized that the Indus Valley Civilization had no rulers as we understand them, with everyone enjoying equal status.
9. Town planning is the unique feature of Indus valley civilization. Their town planning proves that they lived a highly civilized and developed life. ... Town planning was amazing in nature. A few cities have citadels to the West built on higher platform and to the east of which is the hub of residential area.
10. A castle on high ground in or near a city where people could go when the city was being attacked.
11. The Great Bath is one of the best-known structures among the ruins of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh, Pakistan. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the 3rd Millennium BC, just sometime after raising of the "citadel" mound on which it is located.
12. The Indus Valley religion is polytheistic and is made up of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. There are many seals to support the evidence of the Indus Valley Gods. Some seals show animals which resemble the two gods, Shiva and Rudra. Other seals depict a tree which the Indus Valley believed to be the tree of life.
13. Many indus valley civilization's coins were found in Mesopotamian civilization,so we can say that the people in indus valley civilization had contacts with people.
14. The Indus (or Harappan) people used a pictographic script. Some 3500 specimens of this script survive in stamp seals carved in stone, in moulded terracotta and faience amulets, in fragments of pottery, and in a few other categories of inscribed objects.
15. Many scholars believe that the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization was caused by climate change. ... By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley climate grew cooler and drier, and a tectonic event may have diverted or disrupted river systems, which were the lifelines of the Indus Valley Civilization.