why is it a farmer in Punjab compared to other states
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For that matter, much of Punjab looks and feels like parts of America's Middle Western breadbasket - deep green fields stretching off into the sunny distance, garnished here and there by cool glades of trees. All that is missing are the June bugs.
After a decade and a half, the Green Revolution in agriculture has been all but completed here. High-yield grains, tractors, irrigation, chemical fertilizer, pesticides and advanced farming techniques have made Punjab into by far the most prosperous state in India. It is regarded as this nation's big success story - and also, increasingly, as offering the most promising model for improving the lot of the millions who still live in desperate rural poverty elsewhere in the country.
Punjab's Land Yields More
Punjab's 17 million people, only 2.5 percent of India's population, produce 25 percent of the country's wheat on land that yields twothirds more per acre than do the wheatlands of the United States. By providing two-thirds of the nation's central store of wheat and nearly 45 percent of its rice stores, Punjab is primarily responsible for the self-sufficiency in food that is widely viewed as modern, independent India's greatest material accomplishment.
But the important thing, analysts of third world development patterns are now saying, is that if what has happened in Punjab were extended throughout the country, it would be the real start of India's transition from developing to developed status.
In the World Bank's world development report for 1982, Alden W. Clausen, the bank's president, wrote, ''In virtually all countries where agricultural development has been strong, economic growth has advanced at a rapid rate.'' The report singled out Punjab as an outstanding example in the third world of how the agricultural part of the transformation might occur. 10 Families Form Village
Darshan Singh has never met Mr. Clausen or read his organization's report. He and his fellow Punjabis are living it. His is one of 10 families, all part of the same extended family, who live with some of their hired workers in a cozy compound behind brick walls that constitutes this tiny village of 90-odd people 18 miles west of Chandigarh, the capital of Punjab. The 10 families farm 200 acres of the richest, deepest soil in the world. Each family owns and is responsible for a part of the whole, and each has a tractor. Electrically operated ''tube wells'' pump underground water onto the land.
There are two main crops a year -rice and wheat. Soon the Singhs will harvest their rice and sow wheat in its place. Each year, they plant about 150 acres of each. Most of the remaining 50 acres is in sugar cane, plus a little corn for personal consumption.
Sitting on string beds under the feathery boughs of a kikar as crows cawed overhead in the gathering dusk, Sarjr Darshan Singh, Darshan Singh's 20-year-old brother, explained that the clan keeps about half an acre's yield of wheat and about a tenth of an acre's yield of rice for its own sustenance. It sells the rest, making a profit equivalent to about $10,000 a year. About $3,500 of that is reinvested in the business. The rest is used to buy more land, to build additions to the village's houses, to go to town once in a while.
Two months ago, the village acquired its second television set. Every evening at 6 o'clock the farmers gather in front of the two sets for the state agricultural extension service's program on agricultural techniques. Income Is India's Highest
Punjabi per-capita income is by far the highest of any Indian state and three times that of some of the other, poorer states where the shift to modern agriculture has not yet taken place. Punjabis eat 3,000 calories a day, including lots of eggs and milk, compared with 2,100 for India as a whole. Punjab has the most bank branches per capita of any Indian state and the most health facilities. Every village is electrified and television sets are common.
In the towns, rising incomes have spurred the establishment of small businesses. Ludhiana, the town just west of here where Punjab Agricultural University is situated, bustles with small shops and businesses.
All who try to explain this success, Indians and non-Indians alike, mention the Punjabi character. The state, says M. S. Sra, the director of Punjab Department of Agriculture, ''is a land inhabited by a most progressive and sturdy stock of farmers.'' Its population is made up largely of Sikhs, renowned for their enterprise, mechanical skill, appreciation of profit and willingness to experiment. Punjabi Hindus are said to share this reputation for forward-looking achievement.
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